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Gender in Entrepreneurship
By Hala Hatoum
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The aim and objective of the study
Explore societal perceived gender differences and their effects on female entrepreneurship. Identifying factors affecting female entrepreneurship Analyzing the effects of these factors on female entrepreneurship development. Highlight the female entrepreneurs’ perspective on the state of female entrepreneurship
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Overview Female entrepreneurs lower participation rates than male entrepreneurs (GEM, 2015) Half of society composed of women Significant influence on national economies (Alsuwaigh 1989; Alsahlawi & Gardener 2004). Still underexplored field, especially in MENA region (Dechant and Lamki, 2005, Hattab 2012).
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Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA)
Source: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Women’s Report, 2010.
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Graph 1: Comparison of Female and Male TEA rates by Region
Source: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2012.
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Around the World Source: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Women’s Report, 2010.
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Male Entrepreneurs Outnumber Female Entrepreneurs
Source: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Women’s Report, 2010.
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Belief in One’s Own Abilities
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Statistics On Arab Female Entrepreneurs
In Bahrain: Ownership 10.2 years Spend the most time working in their businesses than other Arab counterparts. Table 1: The Number of Hours Businesswomen Spend Operating their Enterprises. Source: Women Entrepreneurs in the Middle East and North Africa: Characteristics, Contributions and Challenges, published by The Center of Arab Women for Training and Research and The International Finance Corporation Gender Entrepreneurship Markets, 2007.
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Statistics On Arab Female Entrepreneurs (continued…)
Graph 2: Women Optimistic about their Business and Economic Growth Source: Women Entrepreneurs in the Middle East and North Africa: Characteristics, Contributions and Challenges, published by The Center of Arab Women for Training and Research and The International Finance Corporation Gender Entrepreneurship Markets, 2007.
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The Literature supporting the study
Female entrepreneurial studies started gaining prominence in the 1990’s (Moore, 1990). Entrepreneurship historically studied through male lens (De Bruin et al., 2008). Studies mainly used male-led ventures as a standard benchmark with which to compare female entrepreneurial ventures. Unfair practice because males and females are inherently different essentially as members of society and subsequently as business owners.
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The Literature supporting the study (continued)
Female experiences are different but equally significant (Hurley, 1990). Gender as a social construct NOT as biological sexual category (Ahl and Marlow, 2012; Foucault, 1978). Patriarchal societies habitually devaluate the features, values and specificities of female entrepreneurship effectively rendering them un-meaningful (Calas, Bourne, & Smircich, 2009). Female entrepreneurs face different obstacles and deal with difficulties differently than their male counterparts.
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Entrepreneurship Frameworks
Framework 1: New Venture Creation Framework Figure 1: A Framework for Describing New Venture Creation (Source: Gartner, 1985)
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Framework 2: The 3M Model for Entrepreneurship
Market Management Money Figure 2: The 3M Model. “Introduction to the Special Issue in Advancing Research on Minority Entrepreneurship”, Developed by Bates et al., 2007, Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science.
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Framework 3: The 5M Model- A Gender-Aware Framework for Women Entrepreneurship
*Motherhood is a metaphor representing Household/family context Figure2: “A Gender-Aware Framework for Women’s Entrepreneurship”, Brush et al.,2009. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship
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Conceptual Framework Feminist Lens Female Entrepreneurship Motherhood
P1: Interplay between Macro and Motherhood Factors P2: Interplay between Motherhood and Meso Factors P3: Interplay between Macro and Meso Factors National Policies Macro (Environment) Traditions Society Feminist Lens Female Entrepreneurship Family Motherhood Household Children P1 P3 Regulations Meso (Organizational) Support policies Services/ Initiatives P2
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Main Research Question
How does the interplay between environmental, organizational and motherhood factors affect female entrepreneurship?
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The Methodology used to obtain the data
Research Philosophy Ontological stance: Subjectivist Seeking a relationship between the perceptions of the social actors (female entrepreneurs) and their consequences on the social entity (the phenomena- female entrepreneurship) Epistemological Stance: Interpretivist as it seeks to take impressions and to make meaning of the female entrepreneurship phenomena. Inductive approach –Starting with a research question Ontological stance: inclined to understand the nature of reality Answering to the question of how the world operates
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The Methodology used to obtain the data (continued…)
Phenomenological Studying female entrepreneurs as a phenomenon Feminist lens: Raising the voice of the female entrepreneurs Celebrating their experiences Development of entrepreneurial models adapted solely for the study of female entrepreneurial experiences.
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The Methodology used to obtain the data (continued…)
Qualitative Approach Semi-Structured Interviews Personal one-on-one interviews Around interviewees (still ongoing) Data Collection: Snowballing technique/referrals Very rich and insightful data
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Results Expected findings to help better understand the struggles and supporting factors affecting female entrepreneurs Practical implications: Assist in shaping policies and initiatives Academic implications: advance the knowledge on female entrepreneurship through gender specific models.
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Thank you Questions?
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