1. Il ruolo delle Organizzazioni Internazionali nei processi di globalizzazione Lunedì 4 Marzo 2013
Corso
Teorie della globalizzazione
Canale B, Laurea magistrale,
Facoltà di Scienze Politiche, LUISS
Professor Daniele Archibugi

4. A powerful instrument of global governance: “international organisations”
Inter-what? nations, states, governments?
Inter meaning across or between?
“Organisation” or “Organisations”?
Is there one single international organisation?
What forms of global governance is left out?

5. Practical Purpose of the Lecture
Some of you may be willing to work in IOs
Understand the nature of them: how they work and what they do
Competences and limits

6. What is the alternative to International Organizations?
Informal Global Governance
Non transparent, non accountable
Sometimes more effective, but unknown who will get the benefits
Typical cases: summits, diplomacy, economic negotiations, intelligence, incentives, corruption

7. Typologies of International Organizations
Governmental/Non governmental
Global/Regional
Vast competencies/Restricted competencies
Real power/Symbolic Power
Domination/Function

8. Inter-Governmental International Organisations (IGOs)
Existence of member states and secretariat:
Permanent Institutions
Three or more members
Formal and not informal, and based on a Charter, Statute, Treaty (G8 is therefore not an IGO)

9. International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs)
Members are individuals or private organisations
Participation of individuals of more than one country, but also aim extends to more than one country
Recognition from whom? Governments, International Organizations or global public opinion?

10. Growth of Intergovernmental Organizations
Year
1909
1976
1987
1997
Number 37
252
1,649
1,850

11. Growth of Non-Governmental Organizations

12. World Economic Forum, Davos

14. World Social Forum, Porto Alegre

15. Global Organisations
Membership is potentially open to all territorial states
The case of greatest success: the United Nations
More limited cases, also among the INGOs.
All UN specialized agencies are open to membership, but not all UN member states join them (UNICEF: 158)

17. Regional Organisations
Typical in a geographical region
The most sophisticated: the European Union
Other regional organisations: NATO, OECD
Regional Customs Union: Mercosur, Nafta, Asean
Political Regional Union: The Arab League

18. Vast Competencies The United Nations
The European Union and the European Commission
NATO
Divergence between formal and substantial competences: what are the resources available?

19. An example: The 2008 Financial Crisis
Very little competences in International Organizations:
International Monetary Fund and World Bank did not have enough resources to act as lender of last resort
The European Union had a too complicated political process to take timely decisions

20. Global Governance outside International Organizations
G8 summits provided a general consensus on what should be done. But G8 did not involve players with the purse
G20 included countries with surplus, such as China and Saudi Arabia
G4, the top European countries (UK, Germany, France, Italy) took important decisions, even for the ECB
G2 (USA and China) agreed on the conditions of borrowing and of trading in a different context

21. Specific Competencies
International Postal Union
World Trade Organization
NAFTA
Amnesty International
International Studies Association
Danube River Authority

23. Power Available Political, economic, military, symbolic power
Instruments in the hands of the International Organisation: own resources or resources coming from the member states?
The case of peace-keeping
The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank
The possibility of sanctions

25. Some crucial institutions: The International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the WTO
Are they perceived to be impartial?
Do they serve the interests of all countries?
What are the alternatives?
Can a clear antagonism between rich and poor countries be outlined?

26. International Organisations and Sovereign States
What happen to state sovereignty when international organisations “erode” their competencies?
What will remain of sovereignty?
What does it mean democratic deficit in IO?
The functionalist vision

27. In a world of fully sovereign states, what the international society will be?
An Anarchical Society (Hedley Bull)
All states will act accordingly to their own interests
War will be standard method to sort out international controversies
There would be a limited or no existent international law
Short-termism will prevail, also because of continuous mistrust

28. The reality of international society
No state is fully sovereign
Effective power exercised by public policies is limited by “civil society”
Powerful and powerless states have to deal with the interests and will of others
One of the main reason is that states are interdependent and more and more so and have a differentiated agenda
The establishment of an international society is often in the interest of all