1. Rise of Nationalism in Eastern Europe
Nationalism & Liberalism a dynamic force
Ethnic groups vying for independence
Liberals want reform
Countries falling apart
Austria: old & multiethnic
Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Poles, Ukrainians, Slovenes, Romanians, Croats, & Serbs

2. Austrian Attempt to Restore Order
Francis Joseph I-New Emperor
Ruled from 1849 to 1918
Revolutions of 1848 & War with Prussia shows weakness of Austrian Empire
Hungarians press for independence
Why can they do this now?
Compromise-constitution
Form of Dual-Monarchy
Austria-Hungary is formed
Able to keep the empire together

3. Russian Diversity Earlier Czar’s expanding to East and West
Incorporate in west:
Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, Romanians, and Estonians
The East:
Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Chechens, Tadjiks
Encouraged Russification
Settled many Russians to new areas
Forced ethnic groups to adopt Russian lang, customs, and Orthodox Christianity.
Why this strategy?
Russian Diversity

4. Russian Desire for Reforms
Just as in Europe, Russians desired gov’t reform
Abolished serfdom
Allowed local councils to rule local matters
Peasants just wanted more
1905 Revolution
Russians defeated by Japanese
Time for change
October Manifesto
Constitutional Monarchy
Created the Duma (legislature)
Russian Desire for Reforms

5. Ottoman Empire “Sick Man of Europe” Ethnically diverse
Why is it called this?
Ethnically diverse
Europe: Romanians, Greeks, Bulgarians, Macedonians
Asia:Turks, Armenians, Kurds, Syrians, Arabs, Jews
Empire was strategically important for many countries:
Constantinople-access to Black Sea
Suez Canal now completed
Constantly attacked by everyone
What does Europe really care about?

6. Russian Ambitions Eastern Questions
Everyone knew Ott. Emp falling apart
?-Who’s going to get the new territory
Russians want access to Mediterranean- Why?
Want Constantinople
Warm-water port
Ship grain to Europe
Uses Religion as excuse to attack Ott. Empire
Where have we seen this before?
Russian Ambitions

7. Crimean War Crimean War Florence Nightingale
Europe fears Russian growth
Br. & Fr. prop up Ottoman Emp. by fighting the Russians- Why?
Fought on Crimean peninsula
Russians not adequately prepared
Florence Nightingale
Restructured roles of nurses
Clean medical tools
Clean bed sheets
Fresh fruit/meals

8. Congress of Berlin Led by Bismarck of Prussia- Why him?
Way to give a little to Russians, but also to take for themselves
Russian gets-
Independence for Serbia, Romania, & Montenegro
Control of Bulgaria
Austria gets-
Control of Bosnia
British gets-
Control of Cyprus
Protects Suez Canal
Prussia gets position of major European power
Congress of Berlin