1. Summary: Iconic Memory
Capacity: Very large
Duration: Very short
Transfer: Readout to STM
Loss: Phenomenon of backward masking (and its necessity!)

2. A Multi-store model of memory
Benefits and limitations
First memory: sensory store
Next: Short term memory

4. Short term memory Current contents of memory
Fundamental bottleneck in processing
Multiple interpretations
Capacity
Duration
Transfer
Loss

5. Basic Operations of STM
How things enter it
How things stay in it.
How we search for things within it.
How things leave it

6. Peterson & Peterson: Decay

7. Waugh & Norman: Interference

8. Sternberg: Memory scanning

10. STM-WM (an alternative view)
Another way of looking at it (STM vs Working Memory) (Baddeley)
The "bottleneck" issue and an example or two.
Beating the limits--the work of Chase and Ericcsson: chunks & retrieval structures.
Finally, how do things move on--elaborative rehearsal

11. Baddeley: Model of Working Memory

15. Chase, Ericcsson & Staszewski: Retrieval Structures

16. Moving on: LTM Issues include How things move on into LTM Size of LTM
Is LTM “permanent”?
Memory formation impairment

18. Permanence of LTM Work of Wilder Penfield
Size of LTM (on assumption of permanence)
100,000,000,000 neurons x 10,000 connections = 1015
Input: time per percept 150 msec x 70 years x 104 bits per percept x 70 years = 1014 bits
Optic nerve capacity107 bits per second x 70 years = 1016 bits.
Pragmatic est. 100,000 words + 10,000 pictures + 75,000 chess patterns ’s of episodes = 106
But some argue that we forget most of what we input!

19. Long Term Memory Can be Long-term!
Earned an A grade- green, C grade- red (Study Hard!)

21. Most Famous Memory: HM Retrograde amnesia vs anterograde
Declarative (semantic + episodic) vs procedural distinction in memory type
How does this occur? –hippocampus and overlying cortical damage

23. Memory formation environmental effects

24. Memory operations in thinking:single/multiple codes?*

33. Collins & Quillien Experiment

36. John Anderson (CMU) ACT Model