1. Recognize this kid?
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2. Source R: The Stalinist Constitution
Russia: Fall of Tsarist monarchy to Stalin’s Soviet Union
QW What can you infer about Stalin’s leadership of the Soviet Union?
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3. Source S: Propaganda in Stalinist Russia
Russia: Fall of Tsarist monarchy to Stalin’s Soviet Union
QW What does this source tell you about Stalin?
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4. Joseph Stalin Man of Steel
Changed his name to Stalin, meaning the “man of steel” in Russian
Came from a poor working-class background.
Initially trained to be a priest but was drawn into the world of revolutionaries. Read Lenin’s works.
Joined the Bolshevik Party around 1902, raiding banks to raise money.
Arrested and exiled to Siberia several times between 1902 and 1913, escaping 5 times.
(a.k.a. Joseph Dzhugashvili)
A Bolshevik leader who became prominent only after Lenin’s return to Petrograd in April Although Stalin was very much a secondary figure during the October Revolution, he did gain Lenin’s attention as a useful ally, and following the October coup, Lenin gave him a position in the government as commissar of nationalities. As Stalin was a member of an ethnic minority—he was from the central Asian region of Georgia, not Russia proper—Lenin felt he would be an effective ambassador of sorts to the many ethnic minorities within the former Russian Empire. After the revolution, Stalin became increasingly powerful and eventually succeeded Lenin as leader of the Soviet Union upon Lenin’s death in 1924.
Man of Steel
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6. Lenin and Stalin Aleksei Vasiliev
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7. Lenin and Stalin in Summer 1917 Ivan Vladimirov
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8. Stalin
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9. The Soviet Union Under Stalin
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10. Totalitarian State
Stalin would take power after the death of Lenin in 1924.
He turned the Soviet Union into a Totalitarian State.
Stalin’s Five-Year Plans
*Main purpose was to build heavy industry & increase farm output.
*All economic activity was brought under gov’t control - command economy was developed.
Command economy: government officials make all basic economic decisions
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11. Five-Year Plans cont’d
Though output increased the standard of living remained low.
*Wages were low & workers were forbidden to strike.
Consumer products scarce
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12. Government control of agriculture
Impact on Agriculture
Government control of agriculture
Collectives: large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group
State set prices and access to supplies
Peasants who did not want to give up their land resisted the collectives.
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13. Collectivization of farms
Individual farms
Each has own farmhouse
Tractor
Equipment etc
Farmers make $ based on how productive they are. The more productive, the more $ they make.
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14. Collective farm – state (government) owned, all equipment and
Workers live in communal village, in govt housing projects
Collective farm – state (government) owned, all equipment and
Housing, pooled together. Everyone gets paid the same wages.
All profits go to government, which then pays the workers.
No incentive, no ownership of land
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15. Resistance Stalin blamed kulaks, wealthy farmers, for resistance
Land confiscated
Millions were killed outright or sent to forced-labor camps to suffer a slow death.
"We farmers, on the basis of complete collectivization, will liquidate the kulaks as a class."
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16. Terror Famine
Angry peasants resisted collectivization by growing just enough to feed themselves.
In response the gov’t seized all their grain and purposefully left them to starve.
In 1932 this ruthless policy led to the Terror Famine-between 5 & 8 million people died in the Ukraine alone.
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17. Stalin’s Terror Tactics
Stalin ruthlessly used terror as a weapon against his own people.
He committed crimes against humanity and violated his people’s individual rights.
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18. From The Better Angels of Our Nature Pinker
During witch hunts and purges, people get caught up in cycles of preemptive denunciation. Everyone tries to out a hidden heretic before the heretic outs him. Signs of heartfelt conviction become a precious commodity.
Solzhenitsyn recounted a party conference in Moscow that ended with a tribute to Stalin. Everyone stood and clapped wildly for three minutes, then four, then five...and then no one dared to be the first to stop. After eleven minutes of increasingly stinging palms, a factory director on the platform finally sat down, followed by the rest of the grateful assembly. He was arrested that evening and sent to the gulag for ten years.278
People in totalitarian regimes have to cultivate thoroughgoing thought control lest their true feelings betray them.
Critics were sent to the Gulag (a system of brutal labor camps where many died).
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19. Hard / Physical Labor
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20. Food was in short supply
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21. Maria Tchebotareva
Trying to feed her four hungry children during the massive famine, the peasant mother allegedly stole three pounds of rye from her former field—confiscated by the state as part of collectivization. Soviet authorities sentenced her to ten years in the Gulag. When her sentence expired in 1943, it was arbitrarily extended until the end of the war in After her release, she was required to live in exile near her Gulag camp north of the Arctic Circle, and she was not able to return home until 1956, after the death of Stalin. Maria Tchebotareva never found her children after her release.
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23. Ivan Burylov
Seeking the appearance of democracy, the Soviet Union held elections, but only one Communist Party candidate appeared on the ballot for each office. Fear of punishment ensured that nearly all Soviet citizens “voted” by taking their ballot and ceremoniously placing it into a ballot box.
In 1949, Ivan Burylov, a beekeeper, protested this absurd ritual by writing the word “Comedy” on his “secret” ballot. Soviet authorities linked the ballot to Burylov and sentenced him to eight years in camps for this “crime.”
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24. The country had virtually become a labor camp
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25. GULAG Survivor
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26. Gulags in the USSR
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27. Stalin’s Terror Tactics
Great Purge (policy created by Stalin in which he eliminated rival party leaders and old Bolsheviks).
Started in 1934
At least 4 million people were purged (killed) during the Stalin years.
This puts the USSR in a bad position when it comes time to fight WWII, since Stalin liquidated many officers in the military…
Have you ever been late to work?
In the Stalin era, a person who arrived late to work three times could be sent to the Gulag for three years.
Have you ever told a joke about a government official?
In the Stalin era, many were sent to the Gulag for up to 25 years for telling an innocent joke about a Communist Party official.
If your family was starving, would you take a few potatoes left in a field after harvest?
In the Stalin era, a person could be sent to the Gulag for up to ten years for such petty theft.
Arrests- about 7 Million
Executed- about 1 Million
Died in camps- about 2 Million
In prison, late about 1 Million
In camps, late about 8 Million
Only 10% in camps survived
Those arrested include:
Original Bolsheviks
Military Officers
Party Members
Stalin’s signature appears on death warrants of over 600,000
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28. Bodies were simply piled up to be buried in a mass grave
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, numerous mass graves filled with executed victims of the terror were discovered. Some, such as the killing fields at Kurapaty near Minsk and Bykivnia near Kiev, are believed to contain up to 200,000 corpses.
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29. Attempts to Control Thought
Stalin promoted atheism (the belief there is no god) as the official state policy…communism is your god.
Targeted the Russian Orthodox church since they supported the Czars
Catholics persecuted too
Synagogues seized
Banned the use of Hebrew
Islam discouraged
Replaced religion with Communist ideology “sacred” text: Marx and Lenin’s writings,
shrine: Lenin’s tomb
religious icons: portraits of Stalin
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30. Propaganda
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31. Attempts to Control Thought
Propaganda-the attempt to boost morale & faith in the communist party by making himself (Stalin) a godlike figure.
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32. Soviet Propaganda Poster “Look Me in the Eyes and Tell Me Honestly: Who is your friend? Who is your enemy? You have no friends among capitalists. You have no enemies among the workers. Only in a union of the workers of all nations will you be victorious over capitalism and liberated from exploitation. Down with national antagonisms! Workers of the world unite!”
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34. Ch 13 Sec

35. "To whom goes all national profits? In the CCCP, to the workers."
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36. “Love Your Motherland”
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37. Stalin alters photos
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39. IN DECEMBER 1934, Sergey Kirov, a prominent early
Bolshevik leader and loyal supporter of
Joseph Stalin, was assassinated… a purge…
…Stalin had ordered the execution.
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40. 4 3 2 1
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41. Attempts to Control Thought
Socialist Realism-Goal to show Soviet life in a positive light & promote communism.
The following works of art illustrate socialist realism…
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42. The Cult of Personality
The Leaders:
The Cult of Personality
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43. Lenin in Front of the Globe Vladimir Sinitsky
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44. Lenin Aleksei Nesterenko, 1938
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45. Lenin German Tatarinov, 1950s
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46. Lenin at the Kremlin Ivan Petrenko
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47. Lenin in his Study Nikolai Pavliuk, 1947
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48. Lenin at the Smolny Institute Isaak Brodsky, 1930
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49. Portrait of Stalin Aleksandr Laktionov, 1945
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50. Stalin Aleksei Vasiliev
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51. Stalin Grigory Shpoliansky, 1949
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52. Stalin Konstantin Lomykin, 1949
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53. Karl Marx Konstantin Kamyshni
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54. Karl Marx Aleksandr Krylov
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55. The Guiding Role of the Party
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56. Vladimir Ilich Lenin Vasily Ivanov
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57. Lenin With Farmers Viacheslav Tokarev, c. 1960
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58. Lenin with Villagers Evdokiya Usikova, 1959
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59. Gorky Reading to Stalin Viktor Govorov, 1940
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60. Stalin as Organizer of the October Revolution Karp Trokhimenko
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61. Stalin at a Political Meeting at the Kremlin Sergei Grigoriev
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62. Stalin at the 8th Party Conference Petr Parkhets
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63. Adoration of the Leaders
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64. Lenin’s Arrival at Finland Station Arkady Rusin
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65. On the Battlefield
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66. Lenin on the Airfield Boris Vladimirsky, 1930
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67. Stalin in the Civil War Mikhail Bozhi, 1950
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68. Trumpeters of the First Cavalry Mitrofan Grekov, 1934
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69. The 1917 Revolution Karp Trokhimenko
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70. The Return of the Victors Vasily Saicenko, 1953
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71. Industry
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72. Stalin and Kirov Visit the Volkhov Hydrostation Karp Trokhimenko
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73. In the Stalin Factory Mikhail Kostinin
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74. Steel Workers V. Malagis, 1950
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75. Miner Boris Vladimirsky, 1929
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76. Agriculture and Education
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77. The First Tractor Vladimir Krikhatsky
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78. Female Worker Boris Vladimirsky
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79. In a Girls’ School Ivan Vladimirov
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80. Communist Moscow
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81. The Kremlin Aleksei Putayev
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82. Moscow State University
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83. Mukhina’s Monument Aleksei Shovkunenko
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84. Soviet Society Benefits Drawbacks Free schooling
Programs outside of school (sports)
Free medical care
Inexpensive housing
Public recreation
Taught communist values (atheism, glory of collective farming, love of Stalin)
Housing scarce
Most food in short supply
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85. Russification Attempts to make the nations culture more Russian.
11 Soviet Republics
Old Russian heartland the largest and most dominant.
Attempt to overwhelm the other cultures in the USSR.
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