1. Bank of Gould Student Coaching

2. Negligence Duty of Care Owed by Defendant to Plaintiff
Breach of the Duty of Care by the Defendant
Causation
Damages 13

3. Duty of Care
Foreseeability Test: Accountants owe a duty of care to all foreseeable plaintiffs.
Restatement View: Accountants owe a duty of care to members of a restricted group of third parties whom the accountants intend to influence or those whom the accountants know their clients intend to influence.
Privity of Contract View: Accountants owe a duty of care to all parties with whom they have a privity of contract. 13

4. Breach of Duty of Care
Professional Standard: In performing services, an auditor has the duty to have that degree of learning and skill ordinarily possessed by a reputable certified public accountant practicing in the same or a similar locality under similar circumstances.
GAAP is Relevant: In determining whether the accountant fulfilled its professional duties, one may consider, among other evidence, whether the accountant’s work complied with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. 13

5. Causation
Causal Connection: there must be a causal connection between the negligent conduct and the resulting injury.
But For Test: But for the defendant’s negligence, the plaintiff would not have sustained the loss. 13

6. Asset Valuation
Notes exchanged for property, goods, or services are carried on the balance sheet:
At the market value of the item exchanged if this is readily determinable.
At the present value of the future cash receipts on the note discounted at the borrower’s rate of interest. Use an interest rate of 15% in this case. 13

7. Accountants’ Duty of Care to the Public
Members of the AICPA accept the responsibility to serve the public interest with integrity, objectivity, and due professional care.
Members may encounter pressures from the groups it serves (including clients, credit grantors, etc.)
When members fulfill their responsibility to the public, client and employers’ interests are best served. 13

8. Ethics Definition The study of what is right and wrong.
Refers to actions that would be harmful to others or result in social consequences.

9. The Difference Between Ethics and Laws
Similarities
Laws and Ethics both refer to proper and improper behavior
Differences
Laws are formal: written rules
Ethics are informal: many subtleties

10. How to Analyze Ethical Problems in Business
Guidelines to use to help us make ethical decisions
Utility: Cost-Benefit Analysis
Rights: Determining and Protecting Entitlements
Justice: Is it fair?

11. Strategic Thinking Test 1: Ability To See the Whole Picture
Test 2: A Sense of Direction or Destiny
Test 3: Openness to New Experience
Test 4: Gap Between Current Reality and Future
Test 5: Use of Creative and Critical Thinking