1. Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves

2. The Nervous System can be divided in:
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors

3. Division of the Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory or afferent
Somatic
Visceral
Motor or efferent
Somatic - voluntary
Visceral or Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - involuntary
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

4. Major regions and landmarks
Six regions in the adult brain
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Brain contains extensive areas of neural cortex
Layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebellum and cerebrum

5. The Cerebrum

6. The cerebral hemispheres
Surface contains gyri, sulci, fissures
Fissures
Longitudinal fissure separates two cerebral hemispheres
Transverse fissure separates cerebellum from cerebrum

7. The Cerebrum

8. The cerebral hemispheres
Sulci
Parieto-occipital sulcus separates parietal from occipital lobe
Lateral sulcus separates temporal from parietal lobe
Central sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobe

9. The cerebral hemispheres
Gyri
Precentral gyrus
Poscentral gyrus

10. The cerebral lobes Frontal Precentral gyrus
Primary motor area – conscious control of voluntary movements.
Premotor cortex – memory bank for skilled motor activities or of patterned and repetitious nature.
Broca’s area
Located on the left hemisphere. Controls speech.

11. The cerebral lobes
Prefrontal cortex – responsible for personality, cognition, intellect. Lesion cause mental and personality disorder
Parietal
Primary Somatosensory Area – touch, pressure, temperature, vibration, and pain from body wall
Somatosensory association area – interprets stimulus sent by the above area. Ex: recognizes objects by touch.

12. The cerebral lobes Temporal Primary Auditory area – temporal lobe.
Primary association auditory area – interprets the sound heard by above area
Wernicke’s area – only on left hemisphere, between parietal and temporal lobes. Area responsible for understanding spoken language
Olfactory area –uncus. Smell area.

13. The cerebral lobes Occipital Primary visual area – perception of light
Visual association area – interprets the images seen on the area above
Insula
Gustatory cortex

14. Cerebral hemispheres - internal structures
Gray matter
Cell bodies of the neurons
Dendrites
Small unmyelinated axons
Neuroglias

15. Cerebral hemispheres - internal structures
White matter
Tracts
Association – connects 2 areas of the same hemisphere
Projection – connects upper and lower brain. Ex: internal capsule
Commissure – connects the 2 hemispheres.

16. Tracts

17. Sagittal Section

18. Cerebral hemispheres - internal structures
Corpus callosum
Connects the 2 hemispheres
Fornix
Connects limbic system areas
Septum pellucidum
Separates the 2 lateral ventricles

19. Cerebral hemispheres - internal structures
Basal Nuclei – regulation of voluntary motor activities. Allows smooth movements.
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

20. The Diencephalon

23. Diencephalon: external view
Olfactory tract
Olfactory bulb
Optic nerve
Chiasma optic
Pituitary gland or hypophysis
Mammilary bodies – relay for olfaction

24. The diencephalon is composed of
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Thalamus

25. Sagittal Section
Figure 14.12b

26. The Epithalamus Roof of the third ventricle Contains choroid plexus
Contains pineal gland
Regulates sleep-awake cycle

27. The thalamus Relay area for impulses Two large lobes of gray matter
Interthalamic adhesion or intermediate mass

28. The hypothalamus
Autonomic center for regulation of body temperature, water balance, etc
Secretes hormones
Mammilary bodies – relay station for olfaction
Pituitary glands – secretes hormones
Optic chiasm

29. The Brain Stem Midbrain
Cerebral Aqueduct – connects third and forth ventricles
Cerebral peduncles – connects pons to cerebrum
Corpora quadrigemina
Superior colliculi – visual reflex center
Inferior colliculi – auditory reflex center

30. The Brain Stem Pons Consists of tracts and nuclei
Connects brain to lower CNS
Medulla Oblongata
Tracts
Decussation of the pyramids
Autonomic reflex centers – heart rate, blood pressure, vomiting, swallowing, respiratory rhythm
Olives

31. PART 2

32. Cerebellum Two hemispheres connected by the vermis
Arbor vitae – white matter
Cortex of gray matter

33. The Cerebellum

34. The Cerebellum

35. The cranial meninges Dura mater
Falx cerebri-formed by dura mater that dips into the longitudinal fissure and separates the 2 hemispheres
Falx cerebelli – separate the two cerebellar hemispheres

36. The cranial meninges – dura mater
Superior sagittal Sinus – collects blood from the brain
Tentorium cerebelli – separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

37. The cranial meninges Arachnoid Subarachnoid space Filled with CSF
Arachnoid villi – projections of the mater that protrude through the dura
For the CSF to drain back to the venous circulation

38. The cranial meninges Pia mater Highly vascular Covers the entire brain
Meningites

39. The Relationship among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges

40. Ventricles of the brain
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Lateral ventricles
Septum pellucidum
Interventricular foramina or foramen of Monro

41. Ventricles of the brain
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Forth ventricle
3 Apertures

42. Ventricles of the Brain

43. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
CSF cushions delicate neural structures
Supports the brain
Pathway of CSF
Produced at the Choroid plexus
Travels through the apertures on the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space
Diffuses across the arachnoid villus (granulation) into the superior sagittal sinus

44. The Circulation of CSF

45. Cranial Nerves 12 pairs of cranial nerves To help to remember
“Old Opie Occasionally Tries Trigonometry And Fells Very Gloomy Vague And Hypoactive”

46. The Cranial Nerves
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47. Cranial Nerves Number Name Major Functions I Olfactory (sens) Smell II
Optic (sens)
Vision
III
Oculomotor (mot)
Eye movement IV
Trochlear (mot) V
Trigeminal (mix)
Chewing muscles, head and face sensation

48. Cranial nerves VI Abducens (mot) Eye movement VII Facial (mix)
Face expression, taste
VIII
Vestibulocochlear
(sen)
Vestibular: posture and balance
Cochlear: hearing

49. Cranial Nerves IX Glossopharyngeal (mix)
Swallowing, taste, general sensation for pharynx X
Vagus (mix)
Visceral muscle movement and taste sensation XI
Accessory (mot)
Swallowing, and head movement
XII
Hypoglossal (mot)
Movement of tongue for speaking, swallowing and mixing food

50. Brain Dissection Whole Brain Pia-Arachnoid Gyrus Sulcus Fissure
Transverse
Longitudinal
Cerebrum

51. Brain Dissection Pons Medulla Oblongata Cerebellum Cranial nerves:
I (bulb, tract)
II (nerve, chiasma)
III

52. Brain Dissection
Colliculi
Superior
Inferior
Pineal Gland

53. Brain Dissection Sagittal Cut Diencephalon Epithalamus Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Ventricles
Lateral, third, forth

54. Brain Dissection Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Fornix
Arbor vitae (cerebellum)