1. Foundations of Education, 12th Edition Allan C. Ornstein, Daniel U
Foundations of Education, 12th Edition Allan C. Ornstein, Daniel U. Levine, Gerald L. Gutek, and David E. Vocke
Chapter 4 Pioneers of Teaching and Learning
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2. Focus Questions for Chapter 4
Who qualifies as an educational pioneer? Can this pioneer contribute to my ideas about teaching and learning and to the construction of my philosophy of education?
How did the pioneers develop their ideas about education? Can I use their ideas in constructing my own philosophy of education?
How did they redefine knowledge, education, schooling, teaching, and learning and the purposes of education? Have their ideas caused me to redefine my ideas about these areas?
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3. Focus Questions for Chapter 4 (continued)
Which ideas or practices from the pioneers are present in today’s teaching and learning? Are these ideas present in pre-service teacher preparation and in classroom practice?
How can I relate the pioneers to other mentors—teachers, parents, and peers—who influenced my ideas about what it means to be a teacher?
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4. Jan Komensky (Commenius) 1592-1670
Educational Ideas of Commenius
Commenius was a bishop/educator of the Moravian Brethren.
He constructed Pansophism to cultivate understanding and peace among people.
Commenius believed that shared knowledge would convince people to put aside hatred. He supported multicultural education.
Commenius’ teaching method drew on the senses, rather than memorization.
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5. Jan Komensky (Commenius) 1592-1670
Educational Ideas of Commenius (cont.)
He rejected child depravity doctrine and practices of corporal punishment. He sought caring teachers.
Commenius believed that lessons should be appropriate to natural stages of development.
Commenius was an historical model for contemporary teachers.
Focus Questions for Chapter Four
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6. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
Educational Ideas of Rousseau
Rousseau stood against child depravity doctrine and book dominated education. He believed that the instincts of children are naturally good.
Rousseau’s educational philosophy was conveyed through his novel – Emile. It was the story of a boy’s education from infancy to adulthood.
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7. Educational Ideas of Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
(continued)
Rousseau emphasized stages of human development. He identified five – infancy, childhood, boyhood, adolescence, and youth. These stages are depicted in his novel Emile.
Rousseau was suspicious of schools which taught children to conform to society’s artificial rules.
Rousseau’s educational ideas shaped child-centered progressive educators.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( )
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8. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827)
Educational Ideas of Pestalozzi
Pestalozzi’s life coincided with the industrial revolution in Europe and America which changed family. Pestalozzi sought to develop schools, that like families, would nurture children. He wanted children to learn in an unhurried manner and in a caring environment.
Pestalozzi believed that people are naturally good but spoiled by a corrupt society.
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi ( )
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9. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) Educational Ideas of Pestalozzi
(continued)
Pestalozzi developed a pre-service teacher education program.
Pestalozzi’s lessons were introduced into the American elementary-school curriculum in the nineteenth century.
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10. Pestalozzi Teaches Students at His Institute at Burgdorf, Switzerland
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11. Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841)
Educational Ideas of Herbart
Herbart developed an educational method that systematized instruction and encouraged the moral development of students. History and literature were used to construct networks of ideas, an apperceptive mass, in the minds of students.
Herbart believed that studying the lives of men and women would help people with their moral decisions. He brought history and literature into a curriculum that was dominated by Greek and Latin languages.
Johann Friedrich Herbart ( )
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12. Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) Educational Ideas of Herbart
(continued)
Herbart systematized teaching into a precise sequence of five steps. These steps focused on preparation, presentation, association and comparison, generalization, and application.
Herbart’s teaching method gained popularity in teacher education programs in the United States.
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13. Educational Ideas of Froebel
Friedrich Froebel ( )
Educational Ideas of Froebel
Froebel created the kindergarten or children’s garden. He based his educational philosophy on a belief in a spirituality that resides at the core of all human beings. The kindergarten was designed as a place to nurture a child’s spirituality. Storytelling and singing had an important place in the kindergarten program.
In Froebel’s kindergarten, children connected with their inner spirituality through selected activities. Some activities made use of “gifts,” objects such as spheres, cubes and cylinders that the children utilized.
Froebel’s kindergarten education grew into a national movement.
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14. Educational Ideas of Spencer
Herbert Spencer ( )
Educational Ideas of Spencer
Spencer’s ideas about education were influenced by Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. He believed that the fittest individuals of each generation survived.
Spencer wanted schools to compete against each other. He opposed public schools because he feared they would lead to mediocrity.
Spencer believed people in an industrialized society needed a utilitarian education.
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15. Educational Ideas of Spencer
Herbert Spencer ( )
Educational Ideas of Spencer
(continued)
Spencer introduced a rationale to be used in curriculum development. He ranked activities according to how they promoted health, social relationships, and economic productivity.
Modern curriculum writers reflect Spencer’s influence on the curriculum.
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16. Educational Ideas of Dewey
John Dewey ( )
Educational Ideas of Dewey
Dewey was a pioneer of an Experimentalist philosophy of education. He supported cooperative group activity and actions that built social intelligence. He utilized the scientific method as part of problem solving.
Dewey viewed education as a social process through which children learned to participate in group life.
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17. Educational Ideas of Dewey
John Dewey ( )
Educational Ideas of Dewey
(continued)
Dewey implemented his ideas at the University of Chicago Laboratory School. He wrote The Child and the Curriculum that depicted his work at the Laboratory School.
Dewey’s educational philosophy, Progressivism, emphasized children’s interests and needs.
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18. Educational Ideas of Addams
Jane Addams ( )
Educational Ideas of Addams
Addams was the founder of the Hull House, a leader in social work, a supporter of the peace movement and women’s rights. She developed socialized education.
Addams was aware of the effects of urbanization, industrialization, and technology on society. She recognized that education needed to assume broader social purposes. She believed that schools should function as multi-functional agencies.
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19. Educational Ideas of Addams
Jane Addams ( )
Educational Ideas of Addams
(continued)
Addams’ socialized education was influenced by progressivism and pragmatism. Her educational beliefs continue to shape considerations about schooling in the contemporary context.
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20. Educational Ideas of Montessori
Montessori was a graduate of the University of Rome and the first woman in Italy to earn a doctor of medicine degree.
Montessori developed an approach to early childhood education. It recognized children’s early experiences that have an important influence on their later lives.
Montessori developed specific methods, materials (didactic), and activities to be used in her early childhood education. These materials were utilized in a prepared environment.
Maria Montessori ( )
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21. Educational Ideas of Montessori
Maria Montessori ( )
Educational Ideas of Montessori
(continued)
Montessori’s curriculum emphasized practical, sensory, and formal skills and studies.
In the contemporary context, there are approximately six thousand Montessori schools in the United States.
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22. Children in Montessori Schools Use Didactic Materials in an Environment Prepared to Encourage Learning
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23. Educational Ideas of Piaget
Jean Piaget ( )
Educational Ideas of Piaget
Piaget believed that intelligence develops through a series of stages that connect with children’s mental structures and operations at particular ages.
Piaget developed four periods of cognitive growth. These include the sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete-operational period, and formal-operational period.
Piaget’s cognitive psychology connected how children learn to think and reason with teaching and learning in schools.
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24. Educational Ideas of Freire
Paulo Freire ( )
Educational Ideas of Freire
Freire worked on a literacy campaign for impoverished, illiterate peasants in Brazil. His aim was to teach reading and writing, as well as raise consciousness about their life conditions.
Freire’s philosophy was/is known as liberation pedagogy. It is designed to empower people and overcome oppression.
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25. Educational Ideas of Freire
Paulo Freire ( )
Educational Ideas of Freire
(continued)
Conscientizacao—to be conscious and critically aware of social, political, and economic conditions—is an aspect of Freire’s educational philosophy.
Freire believed that curriculum can either indoctrinate students or raise awareness.
Freire, considered a Critical Theorist, is closely connected to issues of teaching and social justice.
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26. Revisiting the Focus Questions for Chapter 4
Who qualifies as an educational pioneer? Can this pioneer contribute to my ideas about teaching and learning and to the construction of my philosophy of education?
How did the pioneers develop their ideas about education? Can I use their ideas in constructing my own philosophy of education?
How did they redefine knowledge, education, schooling, teaching, and learning and the purposes of education? Have their ideas caused me to redefine my ideas about these areas?
©2014 Cengage Learning.
All Rights Reserved.

27. Revisiting the Focus Questions for Chapter 4 (continued)
Which ideas or practices from the pioneers are present in today’s teaching and learning? Are these ideas present in pre-service teacher preparation and in classroom practice?
How can I relate the pioneers to other mentors—teachers, parents, and peers—who influenced my ideas about what it means to be a teacher?
©2014 Cengage Learning.
All Rights Reserved.