1. AGENDA
Chapter 12 (Hallucinogens/Psychedelics) Short film clips included in lecture

2. Chapter 12 Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)
Riverside City College
Instructor Ed Ramirez

3. Hallucinogens/Psychedelics
Psychedelics defined as:
Means "mind manifesting." It is used to describe the state of consciousness typically experienced while under drugs such as:
LSD,
mushrooms,
mescaline and
cannabis –
Also, consisting of various stages of ego-release and an often startling alteration of perceptions.

4. Psychedelics
A demon had invaded me, had taken possession of my body, mind, and soul. I jumped up and screamed, trying to free myself from him, but then sank down again and lay helpless on the sofa. The substance, with which I wanted to experiment, had vanquished me. It was the demon that scornfully triumphed over my will.

5. Hallucinogens
The word “psychedelic” come from the Greek root meaning “mind-revealing”

6. Hallucinogens
What are they? Substances that alter sensory processing in the brain, causing perceptual disturbances, changes in thought processing, and depersonalization

7. Hallucinogens
Persons using hallucinogenic drugs often report seeing images, hearing sounds, and feeling sensations that seem real, but do not exist

8. Psychedelics
Substances that expand or heighten perception and consciousness

9. Psychotomimetics
Substances that cause psychosis like symptoms A drug with psychotomimetic actions mimics the symptoms of psychosis, including delusions and/or delirium, as opposed to just hallucinations. Psychotomimesis is the onset of psychotic symptoms following the administration of such a drug. psy·chot·o·mi·met·ic (sī-kot'ō-mi-met'ik), 1. A drug or substance that produces psychological and behavioral changes resembling those of psychosis; for example, LSD.
Source:

10. History Medicine Men Shamans Witches/oracles Mystic Priests
People have known and written about drug-related hallucinations for centuries
Holy/sacred (receiving divine messages)
Medicine Men
Shamans
Witches/oracles
Mystic Priests

11. History But, society began to abuse hallucinogens
Prior to the 1960s, mescaline (from the peyote cactus) could be obtained from chemical supply houses with no restrictions in the United States (it was legal)
But, society began to abuse hallucinogens

12. What Changed? Violent demonstrations “The establishment”
The 1960s
Vietnam War
Violent demonstrations
“The establishment”
Harvard psychology professor, Timothy Leary “LSD”

13. LSD Widespread Use (Pronounced- ly ser gic acid die ethel la mide)
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
(Pronounced- ly ser gic acid die ethel la mide)
Psychosis-like schizophrenia
Psychotomimetic- “Substances that cause psychosis like symptoms (psychosis mimicking)

14. Psychotomimetic
Drugs that induce mental states that impair an individual’s ability to recognize and respond appropriately to reality.

15. Hallucinogens (which drugs?)
LSD MDMA, (ecstasy) PCP (phencyclidine) Psilocybin (magic mushrooms) Mescaline (peyote)

16. Hallucinogens (which drugs?)
DMT Foxy Nutmeg Atropa Mandragora Henbane Jimsonweed

17. Hallucinogens (which drugs?)
Ketamine Dextromethorphan Marijuana Salvia

18. Native American Church
Native Americans and the use of peyote:
First-Born Church of Christ “First peyote church,” 1914, Oklahoma.
1918, Native American Church of the United States
1965 Congress legislated against its use

19. Native American Church
1978 American Indian Religious Freedom Act (attempted) to allow members of the Native American Church peyote use 1994, protected the use of peyote in Native American Church ceremonies

20. Case in Point Page 351 Native American Jonathan Fowler
How far should it go?
Native American Jonathan Fowler
His 4-year old son

21. Timothy Leary advocated legalization of LSD in the 1960s

22. Timothy Leary 1966, 3 years after being fired by Harvard
And his League of Spiritual Discovery
1966, 3 years after being fired by Harvard
for controversial involvement with hallucinogens
LSD as a sacrament of his religion

23. The Nature of Hallucinogens
Besides the traditional hallucinogens (such as LSD), high doses of anticholinergics, cocaine, amphetamines, and steroids can cause hallucinations

24. The Nature of Hallucinogens
These drugs most certainly influence the complex inner workings of the human mind and have been described as psychedelic, or psychotogenic psychotogenic are described as substances that initiate psychotic behavior

25. Sensory and Psychological Effects
In general, LSD is considered the prototype agent against which other hallucinogens are measured “A single trip,” or, more likely, will pass through only some. These states are as follows:
Heightened, exaggerated senses
Loss of control
Self-reflection
Loss of identity and a sense of cosmic merging

26. Sensory
Altered senses Loss of control Self-reflection Loss of identity and cosmic merging

27. Altered Senses
(Experience of Solomon Snyder)
After 30 minutes, some mild nausea
Objects took on purplish ting and appeared to be vaguely outlined. Colors, textures, and lines achieved an unexpected richness

28. Snyder Cont’d
Synesthesia- a subjective sensation or image of a sense other than the one being stimulated, such as an auditory sensation caused by a visual stimulus

29. Loss of Control
User will cannot determine whether the psychedelic trip will be a pleasant, relaxing experience or a “bad trip”
A bad trip can “replay” the frightening experiences at a later time. This is known as a “flashback”
Flashback- recurrences of earlier drug-induces sensory experiences in the absence of the drug

30. Self Reflection
User becomes aware of thoughts and feelings long hidden beneath the surface, forgotten and /or repressed

31. Loss of Identity and Cosmic Merging
“I am no longer”
One’s skin ceases to be a boundary between self and others

32. Mechanisms of Action
Double-edged sword Positive versus negative responses Hallucinogens act at a common CNS site to exert their psychedelic effects. This has not been proven

33. Types of hallucinogenic agents
DOM
MDA
MDMA
These agents vary in their hallucinogen or stimulant properties. MDA is more like amphetamines and MDMA is more like LSD

34. Third major group
The third major group of hallucinogens comprises the anticholinergic drugs, which block some of the receptors for the neurotransmitter in the brain

35. LSD Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Relatively a new drug
Ergotism- poisoning by toxic substances from the ergot fungus
Eating grains contaminated by the ergot fungus
Fungus produces compounds related to LSD, called the Ergot alkaloids

36. Albert Hofmann
1938, Albert Hofmann, a Swiss scientist worked on ergot compounds in a search for medical value He was trying to synthesize a drug to study psychosis

37. Albert Hofmann

38. LSD LSD requires skills of a trained chemist
Synthesis and Administration, LSD is a complex molecule that requires about 1 week to be synthesized
LSD requires skills of a trained chemist

39. LSD 1960s the dose was about 150 to 300 mg
The typical dose today is 20 to 30 micrograms
1960s the dose was about 150 to mg
The effects of LSD begins within 30 to 90 minutes and can last up to 12 hours
Threshold
20 ug
Light ug
Common ug
Strong ug
Heavy
400 + ug
The chart shows dosages for pure LSD measured in micrograms (ug). Micrograms are 1/1,000,000 of a gram.

40. LSD
The most common form of LSD is paper blotter divided into about 1/4" squares called tabs. A single tab usually contains between ug of LSD. Paper blotters are created by taking a sheet of absorbant paper (usually decorated and perforated) and soaking it in a dilution of lysergic acid diethylamide. 

41. Adverse Psychedelic Effects
No typical pattern of response to LSD
Experience varies for each user
Psychotic adverse reaction (freakout)
Non-psychotic adverse reaction

42. Perceptual Effects Many kinds of unusual illusions can occur
Brain’s sensory processing is altered
Many kinds of unusual illusions can occur
Time distorted
An experience can be incredibly beautiful and uplifting, or unpleasant

43. Negative LSD-related Flashbacks
Body trip
Bad mind trip
Altered visual perception

44. Mescaline (peyote) Used for centuries Francisco Hernandez
Mescaline is one of approximately 30 psychoactive chemicals that have been isolated from the peyote cactus
Used for centuries
Francisco Hernandez
King Philip II of Spain
Mescaline is perhaps 1000 to 3000 times less potent than LSD and about 30 times less potent than other common hallucinogens such as psilocybin

45. Peyote

46. Mescaline’s Effects Increased body temp Anxiety Visual hallucinations
Dilation of the pupils “Mydriasis”
Increased body temp
Anxiety
Visual hallucinations
Alteration of body image
Users report losing all awareness of time

47. Mescaline’s Effects
Within 30 to 120 minutes after ingestion, mescaline reaches a maximum concentration in the brain. Effect may persist for 9 to 10 hours

48. Psilocybin
Psilocybin and psilocyn are the hallucinogenic principles contained in certain mushrooms. These “magic” mushrooms are generally grown in Mexico and Central America and have been used in native rituals for thousands of years

49. “magic” mushrooms

50. Psilocybin
First used more than 2000 years ago by early natives of Central America
However, Guatemala, statues of mushrooms that date back to 100 B.C.
Can be eaten, or brewed

51. Psilocybin
1958, Albert Hofmann extracted psilocybin during his experiment with LSD. During his research he ate 32 mushrooms to feel the effects
Timothy Leary also carried out a series of experiments using psilocybin

52. DMT (Dimethyltryptamine)
Short acting hallucinogen found in the seeds of certain leguminous trees native to the West Indies and parts of South America
Known as the “businessman’s lunch break drug

53. Foxy Low doses can cause euphoria
Relatively new hallucinogen. Uses at raves and clubs in Arizona, California, New York, and Florida
Low doses can cause euphoria
High doses, its effects are similar to LSD

54. Nutmeg Was used in prisons, no longer available to inmates
High doses of nutmeg can be quite intoxicating
Was used in prisons, no longer available to inmates
Contains about 5 to 15% of myristica oil which is responsible for the physical effects

55. Anticholinergic Scopolamine sco/pol/a/mine Hyoscyamine hyo/scya/mine
Substances that are present in plants and herbs found around the world
Scopolamine sco/pol/a/mine
Hyoscyamine hyo/scya/mine
Atropine atro/pine

56. Atropa Belladonna

57. Mandragora The mandrake

58. Hyoscyamus “Henbane”

59. Jimsonweed See last slide
Datura has been used in traditional medicine to relieve asthma symptoms and as an analgesic during surgery or bonesetting.

60. AGENDA
PCP, finish up with Chapter 12 Class exercise Current news

61. PCP

62. Pcp

63. PCP Developed in the late 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic
Phencyclidine is considered to be (by many) experts as the most dangerous of the hallucinogens
Developed in the late 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic
Effective, but it has serious side effects

64. PCP Can be taken orally, smoked, sniffed, or injected
Can last for up to 18 hours
Can be taken orally, smoked, sniffed, or injected
Smoking PCP the high usually lasts about 4 to 6 hours, followed by a 6 to 24 hour “comedown”

65. PCP Flushing, excessive sweating, blank stare
Effects:
Flushing, excessive sweating, blank stare
Nystagmus, increased blood pressure and heart rate, double vision, dizziness, nausea, vomiting.
Super human strength, Godlike and powerful, violent behavior
Resting Nystagmus is referred to as a jerking of the eyes as they look straight ahead. Its presence usually indicates a pathology or high doses of a drug such as PCP.

66. Problems with purity
There are about 30 analogs of PCP some of which have appeared on the street. PCP will have a variance in the drugs purity Analog-a compound with a molecular structure closely similar to that of another.

67. PCP http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iw15hUj3OXM&feature=related

68. Driving while texting
Take out a piece of paper and answer the following questions:
What do you think the punishment should be for the male driver who struck my mother in-law? Why?
Should we have a stiffer penalty for someone who is texting while driving, similar to a DUI offense? Should we write to our congressman/woman to see about changing the law

69. Current Drug News Drug Rehabilitation Centers in Mexico
mexico.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FMexican%20Drug%20Traffic king&action=click&contentCollection=world&region=stream&module=strea m_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=2&pgtype=collection
Drug Rehabilitation Centers in Mexico

70. Extra Credit assignment
Datura stramonium, known by the common names jimsonweed or Devil's snare, is a plant in the nightshade family. It is believed to have originated in Mexico, but has now become naturalized in many other regions.
These plants grow wildly in empty lots throughout Riverside and other counties. Find the plant, take a picture and bring it in next week
Worth 20 points

71. Questions???