1. Lesson Overview
2.3 Carbon Compounds

2. The Chemistry of Carbon
Living organisms are made up of molecules that consist of C, H, O, N, P, and S.
Carbon - 4 valence electrons.. it can make 4 covalent bonds.

3. Macromolecules
There are 4 major macromolecules found in living things:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acids
- Proteins
They are categorized based on their structure and function.
What they do for
the body.
What they look like.

4. Macromolecules
Macromolecules, or “giant molecules,” are made from many smaller molecules. (Think legos!)
Monomer = smaller pieces
Polymer = “giant molecule”

5. Carbohydrates The polymer: Carbohydrates - made of C, H, O.
The monomer (lego): glucose
Linking hundreds of glucose molecules in long chains makes a carbohydrate.
Function: supplies your body with
quick energy. Excess is stored
as fat.

6. Simple Carbohydrates - The Sweet Stuff!
Monosaccharides = one sugar molecule.
Ex. Glucose, galactose(milk), fructose(fruit).
Disaccharide = two sugar molecules.
Ex. Sucrose (table sugar) - bonding glucose and fructose together.
Foods that made of simple carbs: anything with sugar.. candy, cakes, soda, pastries, even fruit!

7. Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides - large carbs made from many monosaccharides linked together.
Foods: vegetables, whole grains like wheat (which is what pasta is made of), rice, etc…
Simple
Complex

8. Complex Carbohydrates
Animals (like us):
- store extra sugar as glycogen.
- Low blood sugar, glycogen gets broken down into glucose and released in the blood.
Plants:
- Store extra sugar as starch (the potato, carrot, tomato etc…)
- Make cellulose, type of polysaccharide that make up cell walls.

9. Lipids (Fats) Lipids: made of C & H.
- Not soluble in water (Do not dissolve in water)!
Monomers: glycerol molecules AND fatty acids.
Ex… fats, oils, waxes, and steroids made by the body like hormones.
Functions:
- Stored, long-term, energy source
- Parts of biological membranes
- Waterproof coverings..think wax in your ears.
- hormones - carry messages throughout the body

10. Lipids Saturated Lipid: Solid, no double bonds.
1 glycerol + 3 saturated fatty acids.
Unsaturated Lipid: Liquid, double bonds.
1 glycerol + 3 unsaturated fatty acids.
Phospholipid:
1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids.
Foods: butter, shortening,
olive oil, etc…

11. Nucleic Acids - DNA & RNA
Nucleic acids(polymer): contain H, O, N, C, P
Monomer: nucleotides - consist of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate group (–PO4), a base.
Function: Store and pass on genetic information.

12. Nucleic Acids There are two kinds of nucleic acids:
- Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - contains the sugar ribose
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - contains the sugar deoxyribose.

13. Protein Proteins: contain N, C, H, O Monomers(lego): amino acids
Functions:
- As enzymes - control the rate of reactions in the body
- Regulate cell processes
- Form cellular structures
- Transport substances into or out of cells
- Help fight disease