1. Grammar Esercitazioni di Inglese EGST 2016-2017
Dott.ssa Barbara Meloni 1 1

2. 24 May 2017 Lesson overview Linking words Articles
Related Grammar & Listening Exercises 2 2

3. Linking words What are linking words?
They are words which help you to connect ideas and sentences, so that people can follow your ideas.

4. Linking words In other words, they indicate a connection.
These words work in the way that help the reader understand how the information in the text is organized. That is why, they are also called text organizers and discourse makers.

5. Linking words

6. CONTRASTING LINKING WORDS
►Although and though have the same meaning. In informal speech though is more common. They introduce an idea A with which the main clause or sentence B is in contrast.
►When we say “Although / Though (sentence B), (sentence A)” there is something unexpected or suprising about sentence B.
►Despite and In spite of are used when you are mentioned circumstances which surprisingly do not avoid something from happening.
►But / However / Nevertheless are used when you are adding a comment which contrasts with the previous sentence.
►On one hand … on the other (hand) means “that is true and this is also true if we look at it from a different viewpoint”.
►On the contrary means “that is not true, the opposite is true”.

7. SUMMARISING LINKING WORDS
◊ In conclusion, / In short, it is important to spread the news about the medical discovery.
◊ On the whole, / Broadly speaking, she had a very happy childhood.
◊ In brief, / In general,/ In the main, we are satisfied with the work.
◊ To sum up, / Summing up, To conclude, the meal in the new restaurant was appalling.
◊ All in all, / Overall, the decision was generally applauded by everyone.

8. Linking words

10. Compare these two sentences:
Articles
What are articles?
An article is a word used to modify a noun, which is a person, place, object, or idea.
Compare these two sentences:
a.The CEO has just sacked the receptionist.
b.The CEO has just sacked a receptionist.

11. Articles What is the difference in meaning between the two sentences?
Sentence a implies that there is only one receptionist.
Sentence b implies that there is more than one.

12. Indefinite Vs. Definite Articles
1. Indefinite Articles
The words “a” and “an” are called in English the indefinite articles

13. Indefinite Articles
The form “a” is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with a consonant sound:
A man a hat a University
The form “an” is used before words beginning with a vowel(a,e,i,o,u) or words
beginning with a mute h:
An apple an island an hour

14. Indefinite Articles
The form “an” can be also used before individual letters spoken with a vowel sound: an SOS
Both forms a and an are the same for all
genders: a man a woman
an actor an actress

15. Definite Article “The”
It is used with singular and plural,countable and uncountable nouns when both the speaker and the listener know the thing or the idea already:
We have a cat and a dog. The cat is old, but the dog is just a puppy.

16. Indefinite vs. Definite Articles
Indefinite articles are used:
A. with professions:
I’m a teacher, Carlo is an architect.
B. with some expressions of quantity:
A pair of / a little / a couple of / a few
C. in exclamations with What + a count noun: What a lovely day! What a pity!

17. Definite article “the”
It is used:
A. Before seas, rivers,pubs, hotels, theatres,museums, newspapers:
The Atlantic The British Museum
The Economist
B. If there’s only one of something: the sun
C. With superlatives: He’s the richest man in the world.

18. Definite article “the”
….And also:

19. Definite vs. indefinite Articles