1. Respiration & Circulation
Chapter 16

2. Lesson 1

3. Functions of the Respiratory System
Taking in oxygen
Every cell in your body needs oxygen
Oxygen and sugar react in Cellular Respiration to release energy a cell can use
Eliminating Carbon Dioxide
CO2 is a waste product of Cellular Respiration
Respiratory system removes CO2 and other waste gases from your body
If the wastes aren’t remove, they build up and become toxic

4. Organs of the Respiratory system
Pharynx
Tubelike passageway at the top of the throat that receives air, food and liquids from the mouth or nose
Epiglottis - a flap of tissue at the bottom of the Pharynx that keeps food and liquids from entering the rest of the respiratory system

5. Organs of the Respiratory system
Larynx
Air passes from the pharynx into a triangle-shaped area called the voice box or Larynx
Two thick folds of tissue (vocal cords) vibrate and make sounds as air passes over them
Trachea
A tube that is held open by C- Shaped rings of cartilage

6. Organs of the Respiratory system
Bronchi
The Trachea branches into two narrower tubes called Bronchi, that lead into the lungs
Lungs
Main organs of the respiratory system
Inside the lungs, the bronchi branch off into smaller and more narrow tubes called bronchioles

7. Inside the lungs Gas Exchange Alveoli
Inside the lungs the bronchioles end in microscopic sacs/pouches called alveoli
This is where gas exchange occurs
Gas Exchange
Oxygen from the air we breath moves into the blood and Carbon Dioxide from your blood moves into the alveoli
Alveoli fill with air when you breathe in, and contract/expel air when you breathe out
The alveoli are surrounded by blood vessels
Walls of alveoli are only one cell think, these thin walls enable a high rate of gas exchange

8. Breathing and Air Pressure
How does your body know when to breathe?
When high levels of CO2 build up in your blood the Nervous system sends a signal to your brain to exhale
After each exhale, you breath in (inhale)
Diaphragm
Below your lungs is a large muscle called the diaphragm
This muscle contract and relaxes to move air in and out of your lungs
The movement of this muscle causes changes in air pressure inside your chest cavity
These changes in air pressure cause you to breathe

9. The Circulatory System
Lesson 2

10. Functions of the Circulatory System
Transportation
Your circulatory system is like a network of roads, and your blood cells are like vehicles that travel on those roads
Blood carries food, water, oxygen, and other materials to your cells
Elimination
Blood must also carry away waste materials
As blood circulates it picks up Carbon Dioxide produced from cellular respiration
Also picks up waste products from all the other chemical reactions that take place inside cells

11. Circulatory System Organs
Heart
The heart is a muscle that pushes blood through the circulatory system
Heart beats times per minute (on average)
It beat slower when you sleep and speeds up when you are active or frightened
The Heart has four chambers
Two Upper Chambers called the Atria
Blood enters the heart into the Atria
Two Lower Chambers called the Ventricles
Blood leaves the heart from the Ventricles

13. Blood Vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins
A vessel that takes blood away from the heart
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels that deliver supplies to individual cells and take away waste materials
Veins
A vessel that brings blood toward the heart

14. Types of Circulation Systemic Circulation Coronary Circulation
Blood from heart to body and back to heart
Coronary Circulation
Blood supplied to cell of the Heart
Pulmonary Circulation
Blood to and from lungs

15. Circulatory System Health
Hypertension: High Blood Pressure
Can lead to weakened and less flexible artery walls
Atherosclerosis: Build-up of fatty material within the walls of arteries
Can cause blockage of blood flow

16. Circulatory System Health
Heart Attacks:
When part of the heart muscle dies or is damaged
Strokes:
When part of the brain dies or is damaged
Heart Failure:
When the heart is not working efficiently
Can be caused by previous heart attacks, problems with heart valves or diseases that damage the heart

17. Blood
Lesson 3

18. Functions of Blood Transportation Protection Temperature Regulation
Oxygen, CO2, Nutrients, Hormones, and Waste Products
Protection
Some blood cells fight infection
Contains materials that help repair torn blood vessels and heal wounds
Temperature Regulation
Blood maintains a steady temperature of about 37 degrees Celsius
Regulated by dilating and contracting blood vessels near the surface of your skin

19. Parts of Blood White Blood Cells (leukocytes)
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
Contain hemoglobin which binds Oxygen from alveoli in lungs
White Blood Cells (leukocytes)
Protect body from illness and infection
Some attack viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

20. Platelets
Irregularly shaped pieces of cells that plug wounds and stop bleeding
Plasma
Liquid part of blood
Plasma is 90% water, many molecules are dissolved in plasma

21. Blood Types The ABO System Type A Type B Type AB Type O
A antigen on cell
Type B
B antigen on cell
Type AB
Both A & B antigens
Type O
No antigens

22. The Rh Factor
A protein found on red blood cells is a chemical marker called the Rh Factor
People with this protein on their blood cells are considered “Rh positive”
Those without the protein are “Rh negative”
If Rh positive mixes with Rh negative, clumping can result. This can be dangerous, particularly during childbirth
So a person can have either A, B, AB or O blood, and they are either positive or negative for the Rh factor
Example:
A+ blood type: this person has red blood cells with A antigens and has the Rh factor