1. Organic Chemistry
Chapter 22

2. Organic Chemistry
Organic compounds: covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides
All organic compounds contain carbon atoms, but not all carbon-containing compounds are classified as organic.
examples: Na2CO3, CO, and CO2 are considered inorganic.

3. Common Elements in Organic Compounds

4. Organic Prefixes Number of Carbons Prefix 1 Meth- 2 Eth- 3 Prop- 4
But- 5
Pent- 6
Hex- 7
Hept- 8
Oct- 9
Non- 10
Dec-

5. Alkanes All single covalent bonds
saturated hydrocarbons because they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule
General Formula = CnH2n+2
C2H6
CH4
C3H8
ethane
methane
propane

6. Properties of Carbon Chains
The smallest alkanes are gases, the largest are solids.
The longer the hydrocarbon chain, the higher the boiling point. Why do you think this is? (What effects boiling point?)

7. Which has the highest boiling pt?
BP= 59oC
BP= 151oC
Why?
Longer chain, more dispersion forces, stronger intermolecular force, higher boiling point

8. Cycloalkanes
Alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in rings

9. Alkenes Have at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond
Are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons because they contain the at least one double bond preventing the carbons to be completely saturated with hydrogen atoms.
General Formula = CnH2n
C2H4
C3H6
ethene
propene

10. Alkynes C2H2 C3H4 ethyne propyne
Have at least one carbon-to-carbon triple bond
unsaturated hydrocarbons because they contain the at least one triple bond preventing the carbons to be completely saturated with hydrogen atoms.
General Formula = CnH2n-2
C2H2
C3H4
ethyne
propyne

11. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 NAME Pentane FORMULA C5H12 C7H16
STRUCTURAL FORMULA
CONDENSED FORMULA
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
BRANCHED FORMULA

12. Isomers

13. Structural isomers: molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures
EXAMPLE:
Both molecules below have the formula of C4H10

14. What are the structural isomers of pentane, C5H12 ?

15. Functional Groups

16. Functional Groups
An atom or group of atoms that usually contain oxygen and are bonded to a hydrocarbon chain
Each group exhibits specific chemical characteristics.
The hydrocarbon is indicated by the letter “R”.

17. Alcohols Molecule with an –OH group attached to a carbon atom
General formula: R-OH
Examples:

18. Common products that contain alcohols
Rubbing Alcohol
Cough Medicine
Hair Gel

19. ETHER Contains 1 oxygen atom
One oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon chains, one on each end
General formula: Example:
Dimethyl Ether

20. Common products that contain ethers
Some Cosmetics
Starter Fluid
Anise Seed used for bread and cookies

21. C CARBOXYLIC ACID Contains 2 oxygen atoms
One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the same carbon atom
General formula: Example:
Ethanoic acid C

22. Carboxylic Acids
General Formula = R-COOH

23. Common products that contain carboxylic acids
Coconut
Some Fruits
Vinegar

24. C ESTER Contains 2 oxygen atoms
One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the same carbon atom
General formula: Example:
Methyl ethanoate C

25. Common products that contain esters
Bananas
Responsible for different smells!
Oranges
Flowers

26. Ester Smell Kit Hyacinth Roses Mushroom Vinegar Orange Spearmint
Caraway
Wintergreen
Cinnamon
Germaniums
Peppermint
Vanilla
Banana
Pear
Strawberry
Licorice
Coconut
Peach
Jasmine
Violets