1. Unit 1: The Founding of the Nation Chapter 1 Essential Question: Describe how the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening philosophies lead to the founding of the nation?

2. Early British Colonies
British Power Expands
The American colonies brought great wealth to England through taxation
They believed taxation without representation in the British government was tyranny(oppression)
“No Taxation without Representation”

3. 1-4: The Colonies Come of Age
The South colonies:
Agriculture
Depends on large scale farming(plantations)
Single Cash Crops
Slavery provides the labor
Triangle Trade
Slaves become part of a network of trading between England, Africa, and the Colonies

4. The Colonies Come of Age
The North colonies:
Manufacturing, Shipping, and Trading
Slavery existed but was uncommon since so many workers were available

5. The Colonies Come of Age
The Enlightenment:
Intellectual movement
New ideas from Europe caused the colonists to question Britain's authority
Used logic and reason
Followers included: Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
The Great Awakening:
Religious movement
In response to the Enlightenment, Jonathan Edwards tried to bring people back to the church by preaching “fire and brimstone” in his “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” sermon
Both stressed the need to question authority

6. The Colonies Come of Age
John Locke:
An Enlightenment thinker, who believed that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property
He felt that a government is a social agreement between the leaders and the people

7. Unit 1: The Founding of the Nation Chapter 2 Essential Question: What important events lead to the development of the American republic?

8. 2-1: Colonial Resistance and Rebellion
The Declaration of Independence:
Written by Thomas Jefferson
Based on the ideas of Locke, the document stated that
governmental power comes from the consent of the people
A government is to secure the natural rights for the people

9. 2-3: Confederation and the Constitution
A New government emerges:
Articles of Confederation: Power is divided between state governments and a weak central (federal) government
Shay’s Rebellion: in 1787, a group of Massachusetts farmers rebelled against their government in protest of ever-increasing taxes
the government of Massachusetts was unable to stop the uprising without outside help
This demonstrated the A of C did not work and a stronger central government was needed

10. Confederation and the Constitution
Proposed systems of government:
Virginia Plan:
Called for a bicameral (two-house) legislature whose number would be determined by the state’s population
Favored larger states
New Jersey Plan:
Called for a unicameral (one-house) legislature
Each state would receive a single vote
Favored smaller states

11. Confederation and the Constitution
The Solution:
The Great Compromise (Connecticut Plan):
Called for a bicameral legislature
House of Representatives based on state population(Virginia Plan)
Senate would have equal representation(New Jersey Plan)
Solved the issue of representation in the federal legislature

12. Confederation and the Constitution
Separation of Powers:
The Framers divided the federal government into 3 branches in order to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful
Legislative Branch
Create laws
Executive Branch
Carry out the laws created by Congress
Judicial Branch
Interpret the laws and settle disputes between states

13. Confederation and the Constitution
Ratifying the Constitution:
Two factions formed each with their own agenda
Federalists (modern Democrats):
Those who supported ratifying the Constitution
Anti-federalists (modern Republicans):
Those who were opposed ratifying
Bill of rights are added to the Constitution to ease the Anti-federalist concern over individual rights

14. Unit 1: The Founding of the Nation Chapter 3 Essential Question: How did Marbury v. Madison establish the judicial branch of our government?

15. 3-1: The Jeffersonian Era
Marbury v. Madison:
an 1803 court case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power came to be known as judicial review
Supreme Court will now review the Constitutionality of laws

16. Unit 1: The Founding of the Nation Chapter 4 Essential Question: What events led to the American Civil War and the establishment of Reconstruction ?

17. 4-1: The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Popular Sovereignty:
The residents of the territory decided whether they would be a free or slave state
The Missouri Compromise(GEOGRAPHY):
Settlers in Missouri requested admission to the union as a state
Arguments between whether or not it should be admitted as a Free or Slave state divided Congress
A compromise was reached admitting Missouri into the union as a slave state
The rest of the territories were divided along the 36th parallel
States located North of the line would be admitted as free states, those below, slave

18. The Divisive Politics of Slavery
The Dred Scott Decision:
A slave who attempted to use the courts as a means of earning his freedom. Scott lost the decision and the Supreme Court declared no slave or descendant of a slave could be a U.S. citizen.
The outcome
Being in a free state while you were a slave did not make you free

19. The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Differences between the North and South
North
Cooler and harsher climate
More industrial and less agricultural
Fishing and trading
Large cities
Economy not based on slavery
South
Rich and fertile soil
Economy based on Agriculture(single and large cash crops)
Plantation system
Economy relied on slave labor

20. The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Issues that led to the Civil War
Arguments over whether new states should enter the Union as Free or Slave states
Fugitive Slave Laws
Political and economic Differences
Election of Abraham Lincoln

21. The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Secession : The years of 1860 and 1861 when eleven southern states each declared themselves seceded from the United States and joined together to form the Confederate States of America.

22. The Civil War The Civil War:
Lincoln’s main goal was to restore the Union
Lasted for 4 years ( )
620,000 soldiers died , 417,000 deaths were from diseases while 203,000 were killed in combat
The Union(North) won the war

23. The Civil War The Emancipation Proclamation
Although he was opposed to slavery, Lincoln did not believe that he had the power as President to outlaw slavery
However, once the war ended he found a way to free the slaves and ordered the Emancipation Proclamation

24. 4-4: Reconstruction and Its Effects
Key Events:
Civil War Amendments:
Passage of the Thirteenth Amendment
Congress passes a Constitutional Amendment that would officially outlaw slavery in the United States
Lincoln’s Assassination
Just days after the South surrenders, Lincoln is killed by John Wilkes Booth, a Southern sympathizer

25. Reconstruction and Its Effects
Civil War Amendments (cont.):
In order to speed up the process of reconstruction and to ensure the end of slavery forever, Congress passed the 14th & 15th Amendments
Fourteenth Amendment:
Changed the language of the Constitution to guarantee citizenship to all freed slaves
Fifteenth Amendment:
Prevented states from denying the voting rights of citizens because of race
The federal government now protected the rights of A.A.s(minorities)

26. Segregation and Discrimination
Formal (Legal) Discrimination continued
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court case that supported the idea of racial segregation as fair (legal) under the Constitution
Created the separate-but-equal doctrine
Racial segregation was legal as long as the facilities provided equal service

27. Segregation and Discrimination
Informal Discrimination
Jim Crow Laws/ Black Codes
Southern states passed racial segregation laws that created separated White and Black facilities such as schools, hospitals, and transportation
Racial Etiquette
AA’s had to be very careful with how they behaved around Whites
AA’s were expected to act timid around Whites such as never shaking hands, giving way on the sidewalk, and removing their hats when speaking to a White person
Failure to follow the racial etiquette rules could lead to arrest or death