1. Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity
Chapter 5
509 BC to 476 AD

2. Section 1 The Roman World Takes Shape
A. Roman Civilization Arises in Italy
Geography made Italy easier to take over
Latins had settled on Tiber River
Romulus and Remus- brothers, settled on the seven hills- founders of Rome
Sons of Latin women and god Mars
Eventually take over Etruscans
Adopted alphabet from them
Also arch architecture

3. B. Rome Republic Res publica- belongs to the people
People chose the officials that run gov’t
Patricians
Consuls
Dictator
Plebeians
Tribunes
Veto
Rome’s 12 tablets

4. C. Roman Society Males head of the household
Women did have larger role- could own property, own businesses, get educated, but most worked in the home
Most children educated
Adopted many Greek gods

5. D. Republic Grows
Army made up of citizen soldiers divided into legions of 5,000
Eventually, would become well trained professional soldiers
Paid with the spoils of war
Honor, bravery, courage rewarded
Running away punished
Defeated enemies usually treated well
Created roads to increase trade and protect lands

6. Section 2 From Republic to Empire
A. Rome Grows Through Conquest
Carthage was a city state in Northern Africa
North Africans and Phoenician traders
264BC to 146BC fought 3 wars
Called the Punic Wars

7. B. First Punic War Rome defeated Carthage
Won the islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia

8. C. Second Punic War Carthaginians seek revenge
General Hannibal leads army through France and over Alps
Brings war elephants
1/3 of his army doesn’t survive the march
Invades Italy from North
On war path for 15 years

9. Hannibal failed to take Rome Had to return home to defend Carthage
Was defeated
D: Third Punic Wars
Rome invades and destroys Carthage
Salts the land so nothing will grow again

10. E. Ruling Mediterranean
Imperialism- Rome took over areas, colonized them, and used their influence to benefit Rome
Pretty soon, the Mediterranean was a Roman lake
Spain, Gaul, North Africa, Britain, and parts of Asia Minor belonged to Romans

11. F. Impact Riches brought to Rome Latifundia?
1/3 of Rome eventually slaves
Farmers couldn’t compete
Unemployment rises
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempt reform
Feed the poor
Killed by the Senate

12. G. Republic Declines Revolts and slave uprisings weakened the republic
Professional soldiers loyalty to their generals
Julius Caesar marches back with army and makes himself dictator
Veni Vidi Vici
Once in charge, made many reforms
However, 44BC stabbed on Senate floor

13. H. Empire Octavian defeated Marc Antony
Senate names him Augustus and appointed him First Citizen
Rome no longer a Republic as emperors had complete power
Used census to build a stable gov’t
However, didn’t lay out how to replace an emperor

14. I: Emperors Vary Good Emperors would follow However, many bad emperors
Hadrian
Marcus Aurelius
However, many bad emperors
Nero
Caligula

15. J: Pax Roma
Roman Peace- 200 years of peace ending with Marcus Aurelius
The Coliseum
The Circus Maximus
Games hid underlying economic problems

16. Section 3 The Roman Achievement
A. Literature, History, and Philosophy
Blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman traditions called Greco-Roman Civilization
Poem- Virgil’s epic- Rome’s great past
Satirize- Horace’s satires
Philosophy- almost stole completely from Greeks
History- stressed heroic past

17. Architecture- used concrete
Art-
Sculptures stressed realism
Mosaic- picture made of tiny pieces
Architecture- used concrete
Immense palaces and structures
Most famous domed Pantheon

18. B. Engineering Best roads, bridges, and harbors united empire
Aqueducts
Ptolemy?

19. C. New Law Codes
Rule of law- Let justice be done though the heavens fall
Civil Law
Law of nations
Innocent until proven guilty
Could face your accuser
Guilt established using evidence
However, Penalties still not equal

20. Section 4 The Rise of Christianity
A. Diverse Religion
As Rome conquered territory, new religions fell under their dominion
Most were polytheistic
Had to acknowledge and honor Roman gods

21. B. Judea Jews were monotheistic Conquered by the Romans in 63 BC
Tried to rebel, defeated, and the temple destroyed
Masada?
Many Jews leave Judea, but believed Messiah would soon appear and lead them to freedom

22. C. Jesus
What we know comes from the bible- Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John
Preached near Galilee
12 Apostles, or followers
Romans and Jewish leaders felt he was a threat
Had him Crucified

23. D. Christianity spreads
Peter and apostles spread the teachings of Jesus
Paul, once a persecutor of Christians, was one of the most influential preachers
Using good Roman roads, Christianity spread and became its own religion

24. E. Persecution Romans felt Christianity a threat
Persecuted Christians- made them martyrs
However, many moved by their faith and willingness to die for it
Emperor Constantine issued Edict of Milan- made Christianity acceptable
Theodosius actually made official religion of Rome

25. F. Early Church Baptized to join Became a hierarchy Heresies?
Clergy, bishops, patriarchs, Pope
Heresies?

26. Section 5 The Long Decline
A. Roman Empire Divides
After death of Marcus Aurelius in 180, turmoil would grip the empire
Many coups and assassination- 50 years- 26 emperors- only one died of natural causes
Bad economy as more and more people become poor- live on large estates owned by few

27. B. Empire Splits Rome divided into East and West
West still centered on Rome, crumbling
East- Diocletian puts capital at Constantinople- empire much richer and last a 1,000 years longer

28. C. Invaders The Huns, emerging out of Asia, pushed into Europe
Attila the Hun- leader, forced Visigoths, Ostrogoth, and other Germanic people into Roman territory
Weakened Roman legions can’t repel attacks
378- Rome is sacked by Alaric of the Visigoths
Meanwhile, most of Roman colonies breaking away

29. 476- Odoacer, a Germanic leader, ousted the emperor and the Roman empire ceased to exist as it was
Why
Military attacks- mercenaries and barbarians
Political Turmoil- politics and leaders corrupt
Economic weakness- more taxes to support army hurt economy as most people become poor
Social Decay- parties prestige instead of morals
Many aspects of Rome survived, and Eastern empire continued as Byzantine empire