1. Tissue-similar cells organized into layers or groups
Tissues-Chapter 5
Tissue-similar cells organized into layers or groups

2. Primary Tissues Epithelial tissue-covers and lines
Connective tissue-all over
Muscular tissue-contracts
Nervous tissue-conducts impulses

3. Epithelial Tissue covers surfaces and lines cavities
cells are tightly packed
capable of reproduction
lacks blood vessels
connected to underlying tissues by a nonliving basement membrane
cell types: squamous (flat), cuboidal, columnar
simple (1 layer) and stratified ( >1 layer)

4. Simple Squamous Epithelium
one layer of flat cells
functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration
locations: air sacs of lungs, lines blood vessels

5. Figure 05.01

6. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
one layer of “cube”-shaped cells
function: secretion
location: lines ducts

7. Figure 05.02

9. Simple Columnar Epithelium
one layer of tall cells
function: absorption
may have mucus-producing goblet cells associated with it
may have microvilli (tiny finger-like projections on free surface) in organs requiring lots of absorption such as small intestine
location: lines digestive organs (stomach, small & large intestine)

12. MICROVILLI

13. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
one layer of cells, but they are different heights, giving appearance of more than one layer
has cilia on free surface, may have goblet cells
function: move substances across free surface
location: lines passageways in respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi), lines reproductive tubes

14. Figure 05.05

15. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
many layers of cells with the upper layers being flattened
mitosis occurs in lower layers and existing cells are pushed to the surface (becoming flattened)
function: protection
location: skin, esophagus, oral cavity, anus, vagina

17. Transitional Epithelium
a few to several layers of cube-shaped cells
function: distensibility
location: urinary bladder

19. Glandular Epithelium Exocrine Glands have ducts secrete “juices”
unicellular (goblet cells) or multicellular
Endocrine Glands
no ducts
secrete “hormones” into blood

21. Types of Exocrine Glands Based on How They Secrete
Merocrine-release secretion only into duct-- Ex: some sweat glands (odorless), pancreas, tear glands
Apocrine-release secretion within pieces of cells-- Ex: some sweat glands (odor), mammary glands
Holocrine-release secretion within whole cells-- Ex: oil glands of skin

25. Connective Tissue Cells may be widely spaced.
The area between the cells is the MATRIX, which is composed of GROUND SUBSTANCE (liquid - solid) and FIBERS.

26. Cell Types
Fibroblasts-most abundant cell type-produces fibers
Macrophages-phagocytes
Mast cells-produce heparin(anticoagulant) and histamine (inflam-mation)
Fibers
Collagenous-made of thick bundles of the protein collagen-very strong
Reticular-made of thin, branching bundles of collagen-give delicate support
Elastic-made of the protein elastin

27. Types of Connective Tissue
Identified mostly by the ground substance and fibers

28. Loose (Areolar) C.T. has fibroblasts
jelly-like ground substance with some collagenous and elastic fibers loosely arranged
filler substance; holds fluids

29. Figure 05.18

30. Adipose Tissue cells are designed to store fat
functions in cushioning, heat insulation, energy storage

31. Figure 05.19

32. Reticular C.T. contains reticular fibers function is internal support
location: spleen, lymph nodes, liver

33. Figure 05.20
Reticular
Fibers

34. Dense Regular Fibrous C.T.
has lots of collagenous fibers which are parallel to each other
function: VERY strong
location: tendons, ligaments, sclera
Lacks blood vessels….therefore, slow to heal

35. Figure 05.21

36. Dense Irregular Fibrous C.T.
has lots of collagenous fibers that run in all directions
location: dermis of skin

37. Elastic C.T. has collagenous and ELASTIC fibers function: elasticity
location: walls of arteries, vocal cords

38. Figure 05.22

39. Cartilage
has a solid gel-like ground substance with fibers embedded in it
cells (chondrocytes) reside in cavities called lacunae
slow to heal because it lacks a blood supply --- receives nourishment from blood vessels in the outer covering called the perichondrium
3 types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

40. Hyaline Cartilage most common cartilage looks like white glass
location: ends of bones, nose, in walls of trachea and bronchi
associated with bone growth and development

41. Figure 05.23

42. Elastic Cartilage
has elastic fibers
location: larynx, ears

43. Figure 05.24

44. Fibrocartilage has lots of parallel collagenous fibers---very strong
location: intervertebral disks, in knee joint

45. Figure 05.25

46. Bone (Osseous) Tissue
has a solid ground substance made of mineral (calcium, phosphorus) salts--also has collagenous fibers
cells (osteocytes) are in cavities (lacunae)
matrix is arranged in layers (lamellae) around channels (Haversian/central canals) which contain blood vessels and nerve fibers
tiny canals (canaliculi) connect lacunae

47. Central/Haversian
Canal

48. Blood liquid ground substance
contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

50. Reticuloendothelial tissue
made of all the body’s phagocytes (ex: macrophages)
widespread--cells may be resident or wandering

51. Membranes
Serous membranes -line cavities without external openings-produce thin, watery serous fluid-ex: visceral and parietal pleura
Mucous membranes -line body cavities with external openings-produce thick, sticky mucus-ex: lining of digestive, urinary, repro, and respiratory tracts
Synovial membranes -line joint cavities-produce thick, clear synovial fluid
Cutaneous membrane-skin