1. The Start of World War One

2. World War One
Originally known as The Great War, before we knew enough to number them, the first of the World Wars involved all 6 of our populated continents. After the war, new countries were created, new maps drawn, and an estimated 15 million people (no one really knows how many) lost their lives. Only 20 years later in 1939, what wasn’t settled in The Great War would finally be settled in WWII when many of the same players met again for round two…

3. Map of the World with the participants in World War I
Map of the World with the participants in World War I. The Allies are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in grey. How many can you identify?

4. Some Causes of WWI
Militarism: the competition between two or more countries for military supremacy. If Britain had a great navy, Germany wanted a great navy, too. Germany and France competed for larger armies. The more one nation built up its army and navy, the more other nations felt they had to do the same.

5. Alliances
For Twenty years, the nations of Europe had been making alliances. It was thought that the alliances would promote peace. Each country would be protected by others in case of war, making it foolish for one country to wage war on another.
The danger of these alliances was that a disagreement between just two countries could draw all the other nations into a conflict. This is just what happened when a conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia led to
World War I.
In the summer of 1914 there were two alliances: The Triple Alliance composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, and the Triple Entente composed of Britain, France, and Russia. Entente is a French word meaning “understanding”.

6. Imperialism Nationalism
Another cause was that European nations ruled smaller countries, called colonies, and competed with each other to amass more colonies. Gathering colonies became known as Imperialism. Both France and Britain had many colonies in Africa and Asia. Now Germany and Italy decided they wanted a colonial empire as well.
Nationalism
In addition to political conflicts, the causes of the war included strong feelings of pride in your country, or Nationalism, or patriotism. Nationalism led European nations to compete for the largest army and navy, or the greatest industrial development. It also gave groups of “subject” peoples the idea of forming independent nations of their own.

7. Triple Alliance/Central Powers
Triple Entente (Later known as the Allies) •      Russian Empire •      France •      British Empire  •      Australia  •      Canada  •      India  •      Newfoundland  •      New Zealand  •      South Africa  •      United Kingdom •      Italy •      Romania •      USA •      Serbia •      Portugal •      Japan •      Belgium •      Montenegro •      Greece
Triple Alliance/Central Powers
•        German Empire •        Austria-Hungary •        Ottoman Empire (Turkey) •        Bulgaria

8. Can you think of any advantages or disadvantages of each of the alliances on the following map?

10. The Spark that Started the War
Emperor
Franz Josef
of Austria- Hungary
Archduke (Prince) Franz Ferdinand
Duchess Sophie Chotek von Chotkova

11. Although only third in line to the throne of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, Franz Ferdinand became the heir-apparent following the suicide (murder?) of Emperor Franz Josef's own son, Crown Prince Rudolf and his mistress, Baroness Marie Vetsera in 1889, and then the death of Franz Ferdinand’s own father Archduke Charles Louis in 1896, Franz Josef's brother. 
Crown Prince Rudolph
Baroness Marie Vetsera

12. “In 1895 Archduke Franz Ferdinand met Countess Sophie Chotek at a ball in Prague. To be an eligible marriage partner for a member of the Imperial House of Hapsburg, one had to be a member of one of the reigning or formerly reigning dynasties of Europe. The Choteks were not one of these families.”
- Wikipedia

13. “Deeply in love, Franz Ferdinand refused to consider marrying anyone else. Pope Leo XIII (founded Washington D.C.’s American University), Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (Anastasia’s father) , and the German Emperor Wilhelm II (nice guy) all made representations on Franz Ferdinand's behalf to the Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria, arguing that the disagreement between Franz Joseph and Franz Ferdinand was undermining the stability of the monarchy.
Wilhelm II
Franz Joseph
Pope Leo XIII
Tsar Nicholas II
Finally, in 1899, the Emperor Franz Joseph agreed to permit Franz Ferdinand to marry Sophie, on condition that their descendants would not have succession rights to the throne. Sophie would not share her husband's rank, title, precedence, or privileges; as such, she would not normally appear in public beside him. She would not be allowed to ride in the royal carriage, or sit in the royal box.” - Wikipedia

14. The wedding took place on 1 July 1900, in Bohemia
The wedding took place on 1 July 1900, in Bohemia. Franz Joseph did not attend the affair, nor did any archduke including Franz Ferdinand's brothers
Wedding Day .
The only members of the imperial family who were present were Franz Ferdinand's stepmother, Maria Theresia, and her two daughters. Upon the marriage, Sophie was given the title Princess of Hohenberg with the title “Her Serene Highness”.

15. In 1909, she was given the more senior title Duchess of Hohenberg with the title “Her Highness”. This raised her status considerably, but she still yielded precedence at court to all the archduchesses. Whenever a function required the couple to gather with the other members of royalty, Sophie was forced to stand far down the line of importance, separated from her husband.

17. Franz Ferdinand and King Ludwig III of Bavaria in Munich, May 1914, one month before the assassination

18. = Austria = Hungary = Territorial gain 1878/1908 = Occupied 1878-1908
Background
Bosnia and Herzegovina had been occupied by Austria-Hungary in 1878 and then annexed by them in Many Bosnians, particularly Bosnian Serbs, resented the occupation and preferred unification with Serbia and/or other south Slavic lands. The country of Serbia assumed they would be annexed next. This fear and resentment would result in an assassination.
  = Austria       = Territorial gain 1919          = Territorial losses 1919
= Austria             = Hungary             = Territorial gain 1878/1908          = Occupied

19. The Archduke and the Duchess Arrive in Sarajevo, Bosnia
June 28th, 1914

20. When Franz Ferdinand chose to visit Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, members of a secret Serbian nationalist organization called The Black Hand saw their opportunity to strike at the Austro-Hungarian imperialists.
The day of the visit, June 28th, 1914, was also the royal couple's fourteenth wedding anniversary. The royal Hapsburg family had not considered Sophie to be of an appropriate rank to marry the heir to the throne, so Sophie led a withdrawn life in Vienna. Franz Ferdinand took the visit as a rare opportunity to appear in public ceremonially with his beloved wife. …this visit would sadly lead, instead, to her death at her husband's side.

21. The Archduke and the Duchess Arrive in Sarajevo
Sunday, June 28th, was a bright and sunny morning in Sarajevo, Bosnia as the royal train pulled into the station. On hand to greet the royal couple was General Oskar Potiorek, military governor of Bosnia. Confusion occurred almost immediately. The first car in the procession was intended for security detectives, but somehow all but one of the several cars was left behind at the station and only three local police officers were present. Security arrangements were bungled from the beginning… curiously.

22. At 10:15 the parade passed the first member of The Black Hand Mehmedbašić, who attempted to shoot from an upstairs window, but couldn't get a clear shot and decided to hold fire so as not to jeopardize the mission by alerting the authorities.
The second member, Nedeljko Čabrinović threw a bomb (or a stick of dynamite, according to some reports) at Ferdinand's car, but missed. The explosion destroyed the following car, severely wounding the
passengers, a policeman, and several members of the crowd.
Gavrilo Princip

23. Čabrinović swallowed a cyanide pill and jumped into the River Miljacka
Čabrinović swallowed a cyanide pill and jumped into the River Miljacka. The procession sped away towards the Town Hall, and the crowd turned into chaos. Police dragged Čabrinović out of the river, and he was severely beaten by the crowd before being taken into custody. His cyanide pill was either old or of too weak a dosage and did not work. The river was also only 4 inches
deep and failed to drown him. Some of the other assassins left upon hearing the explosion, under the assumption that the Archduke had been killed.
The Black Hand

24. The Archduke arrived at the town hall in an outraged mood
The Archduke arrived at the town hall in an outraged mood. His wife's celebration had been spoiled. He immediately decided to visit one of the officers hurt by the grenade who had been taken to a military hospital. The visit to a local museum would then proceed as arranged. Duchess Sophie had not originally intended to visit the museum, but now she insisted on remaining with her husband. This decision will cost her her life…

25. "What is the good of your speeches
"What is the good of your speeches?  I come to Sarajevo on a visit, and I get bombs thrown at me.  It is outrageous!” - Archduke Franz Ferdinand interrupting the Mayor's welcome speech at Sarajevo's Town Hall, June 28th
The archduke can be seen here walking urgently right past the Mayor after interrupting his speech.
If you were the Archduke or Duchess, would you have gone out in public again that day?

26. Setting out again, the imperial procession drove along Appel Quay at high speed. At this point another curious error occurred : evidently the chauffeurs had not been informed of the unscheduled visit to the hospital, so the first car turned
right at the corner of Appel Quay and Franz Josef Street, and the second car followed. Potiorek shouted angrily to the driver of the third car that he was making a mistake. The chauffeur braked sharply, and the car stopped…

27. The remaining conspirators didn't get an opportunity to attack because of the heavy crowds, and it was beginning to look like the assassination would fail. However, after the reception at Town Hall, the Archduke decided to go to the hospital and visit the victims of Čabrinović's bomb.

28. Meanwhile, Gavrilo Princip had gone to a nearby shop supposedly for a sandwich, either having given up or wrongly assuming that the Archduke had died in the explosion. Princip spotted Ferdinand's car as it drove past near the Lateiner Bridge, having taken a wrong turn. After realizing the mistake, the driver put his foot on the brake, and began to back up. Just by chance, the assassin was 10 feet from his target! After dashing up to the car, Princip fired 3 times: the first round went through the side of the car and hit Sophie in the abdomen, the second hit Ferdinand in the neck, and the last missed.
Princip

29. Duchess Sophie sank to the floor and died instantly, her face between her husband’s knees. The Archduke murmured, 'Sofie, Sofie, don't die. Live for our children.' Then he passed into unconsciousness. He died minutes after the woman he loved. None could have realized the four years of bloodshed and the death of millions that their assassinations would bring.

30. Automobile in which the Archduke Francis Ferdinand was riding at the time of his assassination on June 28, The car is part of the permanent collection at the (just try to say this) Heeresgeschichtliches , the Museum of Military History, in Vienna, Austria. The bullet which killed the Archduke's wife Sophie left a hole in the side of the car which can be seen above the rear wheel as a small silver circle in the black paint.

31. This picture was at one time believed to show Princip's arrest
This picture was at one time believed to show Princip's arrest. It was later confirmed that it actually depicted the arrest of a German passerby who saved Princip from being lynched.

32. Princip tried to kill himself first by ingesting the cyanide, and then with his gun, but he vomited the poison (which Čabrinović had also done, leading the police to believe the group had been deceived and sold a much weaker poison), and the gun was wrestled from his hand by a mob of onlookers before he had a chance to fire another shot.

33. Gavrilo Princip was born in Bosnia and was about 19 years old when he assassinated the Archduke of Austria. He was dying from tuberculosis as were other
members of the 7-man assassination team, which was why the men were willing to commit suicide after the attempt. Having been only months too young at the time of the assassination to face the death penalty, Princip received the maximum sentence of twenty years in prison, where he was held in harsh conditions worsened by the war. He died of tuberculosis on April 28, 1918, 7 months before the war he helped start, ended.

34. Franz Ferdinand was buried in a crypt beneath the chapel of his castle, Artstetten, instead of the customary
The assassination provided Austria-Hungary with an excuse to take action against Serbia.  During July,
1914, the situation escalated, pulling in the major European powers via the complex alliance relationships each had struck up with one another.  The result was world war.
burial place of the Hapsburgs, Capuchin Crypt, in Vienna.  Neither Franz Josef nor the German Kaiser attended the funeral.

37. The gun used by Princip was a Browning M 1910
The gun used by Princip was a Browning M caliber semi-automatic pistol. It was recently found and recovered in the home of the Italian Copei family, and is now in display at the Museum of Military History, Vienna, Austria. The second bullet fired by Princip, killing Ferdinand, is stored as a museum exhibit in the Konopiště Castle near the town of Benešov, Czech Republic.
The pistol used to assassinate the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, sparking the First World War, went on display for the first time in the UK in September, 2008.

39. 28th June 1914 - The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The incident that provoked World War I was the assassination of the heir to the Habsburg throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and his wife, Duchess Sophie Chotek. The underlying causes of the war, were of course, more complex and of longer standing. Yet on June 28th, 1914, the day of the double murder, a crisis began which led inevitably to war.

40. Scottish rock band Franz Ferdinand, in fact named after the archduke, wrote a song about the shooting of their namesake titled "All For You, Sophia". The lyrics include the following lines: "Bang, bang Gavrilo Princip/Bang, bang shoot me Gavrilo/Bang, bang, the first six are for you/Bang, bang, the seventh is for me".