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Effect of ZDP Chemistry on Three Way Catalysts (TWC) Phosphorous Exposure and Emissions Performance
E. Bardasz, L. Williams - Lubrizol Corporation C. Hubbard, M. Riley - Ford Motor Company Presented to ESCIT Ann Arbor, MI August 8th, 2006
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The Phosphorous Issue in TWC
Problem Definition ZDPs compounds are very effective antiwear/antioxidant/anticorrosion agents As ZDPs decompose to protect engine parts, certain volatile P species exit engine, interact with TWCs and reduce their effectiveness/service life
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NYC Taxi Test Vehicles: 2003 Ford Crown Victoria with Ford 4.6 L V-8
Test Duration: 100,000 miles Oil Change Interval: 5,000 miles Service: moderate to high temperature urban driving Two lubricants GF-4, 5W-20, 0.076% P: Conventional ZDP Low Impact ZDP (LIZDP) Evaluations: EOT Engine Parts Inspection Used Oils Analysis Aged Catalysts Emissions Efficiency Assessments: FTP-75 Post Mortem Aged Catalyst Analysis
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Camshaft Lobes @ 100K miles
Conventional ZDP Low Impact ZDP Equivalent wear protection
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Cylinder Heads @ 100K miles: Clean Engines, No Differences in Deposits & Sludge
Conventional ZDP Low Impact ZDP
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Low Impact vs. Conventional ZDP
Summary of Used Oils Analysis @ 100K miles Fluid Performance Low Impact vs. Conventional ZDP Pentane Insolubles Equivalent C=0 RONOx MRV-35, CCS Low Impact ZDP Better Wear Metals % Viscosity Increase
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Drain Oil Analysis: TBN/TAN Crossover
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TWC Exposure Based on Measured P Retention in Drains
52% less P exits engine from LIZDP containing fluids!
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Aged Catalysts Efficiency Assessments: FTP-75
Data Examined: CO, NOx, THC, and THC Light-Off Time (Bag 1)
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Crown Victoria: Exhaust System - Light-Off Catalyst (right side)
Emissions Measurements: Right + Left side samples probes were teed together
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Positive Effect of Low Impact ZDP on THC Light-Off Cat Efficiency: Observed Statistically Significant Differences % Efficiency Fresh catalyst = 29.1 secs Low Impact ZDP =30.9 secs Conventional ZDP = 32.7 secs. Time (sec)
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Statistically Significant Improvements in NOx Efficiency Related to P Exposure over FTP Cycle
10.3 percentage point difference
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Aged Light off Catalyst Analysis: Observed 30 % Reduction in P Concentration
measured by XRF INLET OUTLET Inlet : Exhaust gases generated by Low Impact ZDP deposited significantly smaller amount of P (30% reduction) containing compounds than conventional ZDP Outlet: Detected minimal amounts of P ¼ Brick ¼ Brick % P measured by XRF
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Conclusions NYC Taxi Trial Conducted with % P, GF4 Fluids Demonstrated that Lubrizol’s Environmentally Superior ZDP: Keeps P in crankcase oil Maintains excellent antiwear/antioxidancy performance in the field Deposits less P on the catalyst resulting in statistically significant Improved THC light-off time Lowered NOx emissions . Lubrizol’s low impact ZDP clearly shows improvements in TWC efficiencies and protects engines in real world field service.
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