1. Macromolecules The Building Blocks of Life

2. Carbon Based Molecules
There are four types of macromolecules. All are carbon based!!!
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
A monomer is ONE molecule that are the subunits
of the macromolecule.
A polymer is repeating units of monomers linked
together.
Macromolecules are just a large polymers!!

3. Carbon It is a part of all organic molecules
Recall - How many electrons does carbon have? ________
These 4 outer electrons are used to covalently bond other elements.

4. Shapes
Straight Chain
Branched Molecules
Ring Molecules

5. What are some other elements found in living organisms?
CHNOPS – These are the most abundant elements found in living organisms.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
Also SPONCH

6. Carbohydrates General formula for carbohydrates is (CH2O)n.
1:2:1 Ratio
This means for every _1__ carbon there is _2_ hydrogen and _1__ oxygen.
Main function is to provide ENERGY!!!!!

7. Monosaccharides Carbohydrates monomers are monosaccharides.
They are the simplest sugar
Consist of ONE sugar
Example: Glucose_

8. Disaccharides TWO monosaccharides linked together
Condensation Rxn – Water is formed from this rxn.
Examples:
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Maltose (glucose + glucose)
Is fructose considered a mono or di saccharide?

10. Other Carbohydrates Glycogen – energy storage
Found in liver and skeletal muscle
Breaks down to make glucose to make energy
Cellulose – found in the cell wall of plants
Starch

11. LIPIDS Function - Used to store energy, protection
Lipids can be found in fats, oils, and waxes
Subunits or monomers of lipids
Are fatty acids!!!
Three Types of Lipids
1)Triglycerides
2) Phospholipids
3) Waxes

13. Other Examples
Steroids, Hormones
Ex. Cholesterol

14. Proteins Subunits of proteins are amino acids (A.A.)
All A.A. contain C,H,N,O - Can contain other elements
There are 20 different types of Amino Acids
General Structure:
Peptide bonds are used to link different A.A.
Together. String of A.A. creates a polypeptide which will form a protein!!!

15. The many different functions of proteins
Communication in cells
Structure in cells
Catalyst (Speeding up chemical reactions)
Hormones
Growth

16. Structures

17. Nucleic Acids Composed of C,H,N,O,P
Subunits of Nucleic Acids are nucleotides
All composed of a phosphate group, a base, and 5-carbon sugar.
- Function is to store genetic information
Information needed to make proteins
Examples: DNA and RNA

18. DNA RNA