1. Ch. 9 & 10 Plants

2. Plant Diversity
Ch. 9 Lesson 1: What is a Plant?

3. Characteristics of Plants
Made of Eukaryotic Cells
Chloroplasts
Cell Wall
Vacuoles
Multicellular
Made of many tiny cells
Cells have specialized functions
Producers
Use outside energy source, such as the Sun, to make their own food
Make sugar called Glucose
Characteristics of Plants

4. Present day plants and Green algae evolved from a common ancestor
Plants and Green Algae share chemical similarities, the same pigments, as well as DNA similarities
Protection
Cuticle: Waxy Protective layer on leaves, stems and flowers
Support
Cell wall provides support
Cell wall made of cellulose:
Cellulose: Organic compound
Plant Adaptations

5. Plant Adaptations Transporting Materials Reproduction Vascular Tissue:
Composed of tubelike cells that transport water and nutrients
Reproduction
Seeds and Spores move throughout the environment
Animals, wind, and water all help move seeds and spores
Plant Adaptations

6. Plant Classification Seedless Plants Reproduce by spores
Do not have flowers
Some don’t have vascular tissue
Seed Plants
Most plants are seed plants
Some have flowers that produce fruit with seeds
Some produce seeds in cones
Each seed has tissues to surround, nourish and protect the tiny plant embryo inside it

8. Ch. 10: Plant Processes
Lesson 1: Energy Processing in Plants

9. Materials for Plant Processes: -Xylem and Phloem
Xylem and phloem are the two vascular tissues that move or transport materials throughout the plant
Water enters the plant through the roots
The water then moves to the xylem to travel to the rest of the plant

10. Materials for Plant Processes: -Xylem and Phloem
Like us, plants need food, water, and oxygen.
Unlike us, plants make their own food-a liquid sugar.
Liquid sugar moves out of food making cells into the phloem
The liquid sugar then flows to all parts of the plant
Cells break down the sugar to release energy

11. Leaves and Photosynthesis
*Remember:
Photosynthesis: a series of chemical reactions the convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into the food-energy molecule glucose and give off oxygen
Leaves and Photosynthesis
Since they cannot eat as people do, plants make their own food.
Leaves are the major food-producing organs of plants
Layers of the leaf:
Top and Bottom: epidermal cells
Bottom layer has openings called stomata
CO2, water vapor and O2 pass through stomata
Epidermal cells can produce a waxy covering called the cuticle

12. Leaves and Photosynthesis
Layers of the leaf:
Middle Layers:
Contain chloroplasts, the organelle where photosynthesis occurs
Top middle: Palisade mesophyll cells
Packed tightly to expose cells to light
Bottom middle: Spongy mesophyll cells
Have open spaces to allow for gases to flow

13. Capturing Light Energy
Chlorophyll absorbs the energy from sunlight in the 1st step of photosynthesis.
Most plants look green because chlorophyll reflects green light but is better at absorbing the other wavelengths of light.
The energy is then used to split the water molecules.

14. Making Sugars Sugars are made in the 2nd step of photosynthesis
In the chloroplast, Carbon Dioxide from the air is converted into sugars by using the energy stored and trapped by chlorophyll
CO2 combines with Hydrogen atoms (taken from splitting water molecules apart)
This forms the sugar molecules
Plants can either use the sugar as energy or they can store it.

15. Cellular Respiration *Remember*
Cellular Respiration: a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP.
Cellular Respiration
All organisms require energy to survive.
Energy is in the chemical bonds of food molecules
Cellular Respiration is a process that releases that energy
Glucose molecule break down during Cellular Respiration:
Energy released is used to make ATP
This process requires Oxygen
Produces water and Carbon Dioxide as waste products.
Occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells

16. Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

17. Plant Responses
Have you ever been in a dark room when someone suddenly turned on the light?
Quickly shutting or covering your eyes is a reaction to a stimulus
Stimuli are any changes in an organism’s environment that cause a response. (singular, stimulus)
Plants often respond slowly to stimuli. Light is a stimulus.
A plant responds to light by growing toward it. This might take several hours

18. Plant Reproduction
Ch. 10 Lesson 3

19. Plants reproduce Asexually, Sexually or Both!
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Usually requires two parents
Plants sperm cell combines with plants egg cell
Result is a Zygote, grows into a plant
New plant is combination of its parents
When a portion of a plant develops into a separate new plant
New plant is genetically identical to the original (parent) plant
Stolons: Horizontal Stems
Advantage: Only 1 parent is needed

20. Alternation of Generations
Plants have life stages called generations: Diploid stage and Haploid stage
Alternation of Generations:
Occurs when the life cycle of an organism alternates between diploid and haploid generations
Haploid cells:
Individual chromosomes
Diploid cells:
Homologous Chromosomes

21. Reproduction in Seedless Plants
Both Mosses and Ferns show an alternation of generations
Plants grow from haploid spores produced by the diploid generation
They then produce both sex cells, fertilization takes place
Zygote results and grows by mitosis

22. Reproduction in Seed Plants
Role of Pollen Grains
Forms from tissue in a male reproductive structure of a seed plant
Each grain contains nutrients and a hard outer covering
Pollen grains produce sperm cells
Large amounts of pollen are produced by male reproductive structures
Wind, animals, gravity and water can carry pollen
Pollination
Occurs when pollen grains land on a female reproductive structure of a plant that is the same species as the pollen grains

23. Role of Ovules and Seeds
The Ovule is the female reproductive structure of a seed plant where the haploid egg develops
After Pollination, sperm enter the ovule and fertilization occurs
A zygote forms and develops into an embryo
An embryo is an immature diploid plant the develops from the zygote
A seed is an embryo, its food supply, and a protective covering

24. Reproduction in Flowerless Seed Plants (Gymnosperms)
Flowerless seed plants are known as Gymnosperms
Common Gymnosperms:
Pines, Firs, Redwoods and Yews
Needle or Scalelike leaves
Usually evergreens (leaves all year)
Life cycle : Alternation of Generations
Cones are male and female reproductive structures
Cones contain haploid generation

25. Reproduction in Flowering Seed Plants (Angiosperms)
Most flowers have both male and female reproductive structures
The Stamen is the male reproductive organ of a flower
Pollen grains form at the tip of the stamen in the anther. Filament supports the anther
The Pistil is the female reproductive organ of a flower
Pollen lands on the tip of the pistil, called the stigma
Stigma is the tip of long tube called the style
Ovary is at the base of the style.
Ovary contains one or more ovules
Ovules will eventually contain a haploid egg
Female structures
Male structures

26. Life Cycle of an Angiosperm
Pollen grains travel from anther to stigma where pollination occurs
Pollen tube grows from pollen grain into the stigma, down the style, to the ovary
Sperm develop from cell in pollen tube
When pollen tube enters an ovule, fertilization takes place
Zygote that results develops into an embryo
Each ovule and its embryo become a seed
The ovary and sometimes other parts of flower develop into a fruit that contains seeds

27. Fruit and Seed Dispersal
Fruits and seeds are important sources of food for people and animals
Most seeds of flowering plants are inside of a fruit
An ear of corn is made of many fruits or kernels. The kernel is mostly seed
Strawberries have tiny seeds on the outside of the fruit
Fruits help protect and disperse the seeds.
Some fruit like the dry dandelion fruit are light and float on air currents
When an animal eats a fruit, the seeds can pass through the digestive system with little or no damage to the seed.
The animal then deposits the seeds with its wastes, usually a far distance from the original plant