1. The effects of Pycnogenol® on colon anastomotic healing in rats given preoperative irradiation 
K. Cumhur Değer, Ahmet Şeker, İlter Özer, E. Birol Bostancı, Tahsin Dalgıç, Müge Akmansu, Özgür Ekinci, Uğur Erçin, Ayşe Bilgihan, Musa Akoğlu 
International Journal of Surgery 
Volume 11, Issue 9, Pages (November 2013)
DOI: /j.ijsu
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2. Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the study design.
International Journal of Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.ijsu )
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3. Fig. 2 Assessment of anastomotic colonic segment bursting pressure.
International Journal of Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.ijsu )
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4. Fig. 3
Anastomotic histology. H&E-stained sections of colonic anastomoses collected on day 3 (a) Group II; (b) Group III and day 3; (c) Group II and day 7; (d) Group III and day 7.
a) Incomplete epithelization on the surface, areas characterized with new crypt formation and marked ischemic changes in the lamina propria. (H&E, ×200).
b) Partial muscle layer discontinuity and inflammation by mild neutrophil infiltration with mostly regenerated mucosa beneath. (H&E, ×100).
c) Deep ulceration with complete interruption of the muscle layer, intense inflammation and active granulation tissue. (H&E, ×40)
d) Anastomotic mucosal layer demonstrating intensive granulation tissue with seldom crypts. (H&E, ×200).
International Journal of Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.ijsu )
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