1. Evolution Part 2

2. In pg. 64
Who was Charles Darwin?

3. Do it now pg. 64
Why are alleles important?

4. Thru 1 pg. 65 Whale activity worksheet Answer questions on worksheet
Use INTERNET EXPLORER it will not work with other search engines for some reason kids had lots of issues in previous periods if they did not use this search engine.
Go to my.ccsd.net and go to the whale activity link and click on it then follow the instructions on the website and on your worksheet.

5. Do it again pg. 64
What is a cladogram?

6. Out pg. 64
What is a phylogenetic tree?

7. In pg. 66 Define the following words: Use the internet
Convergent Evolution
Divergent Evolution

8. Do it now pg. 66 Define the following words: use the internet
Random Selection
Natural Selection
Artificial Selection

9. What did T-Rex Taste like? Pg. 67
Go to my.ccsd.net and look up what did T-Rex taste like – click on link.
Tape, staple or glue worksheet and answers to page 67.

10. Do It again pg. 66
Why is a phylogenic tree useful?

11. Out pg. 66
What does a phylogenetic tree explain?

12. In pg. 68 Define the following words:
Mutation, Genetic Drift& Gene Flow

13. Do it now pg. 68 Define the following words:
Genetic Isolation, Genetic equilibrium, Stabilizing selection and Directional selection.

14. Notes pg. 69
Genetics Part 2

15. What Genetic Drift? Genetic drift
Genetic drift — along with natural selection, mutation, and migration — is one of the basic mechanisms of evolution.
In each generation, some individuals may, just by chance, leave behind a few more descendents (and genes, of course!) than other individuals. The genes of the next generation will be the genes of the "lucky" individuals, not necessarily the healthier or "better" individuals. That, in a nutshell, is genetic drift. It happens to ALL populations — there's no avoiding the vagaries of chance.

16. What is Random Selection?
Random selection refers to how the sample is drawn from the population as a whole, while random assignment refers to how the participants are then assigned to either the experimental or control groups. It is possible to have both random selection and random assignment in an experiment

17. What is Natural Selection?
Nature selects for the most desirable traits to survive and reproduce.

18. What are Mutations
Mutation is a change in DNA, the hereditary material of life. An organism's DNA affects how it looks, how it behaves, and its physiology — all aspects of its life. So a change in an organism's DNA can cause changes in all aspects of its life.
Mutations are random
Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful for the organism, but mutations do not "try" to supply what the organism "needs." In this respect, mutations are random — whether a particular mutation happens or not is unrelated to how useful that mutation would be.
Not all mutations matter to evolution
Since all cells in our body contain DNA, there are lots of places for mutations to occur; however, not all mutations matter for evolution. Somatic mutations occur in non-reproductive cells and won't be passed onto offspring.
For example, the golden color on half of this Red Delicious apple was caused by a somatic mutation. The seeds of this apple do not carry the mutation.

19. What is Gene Flow? Gene flow
Gene flow — also called migration — is any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another. Gene flow includes lots of different kinds of events, such as pollen being blown to a new destination or people moving to new cities or countries. If gene versions are carried to a population where those gene versions previously did not exist, gene flow can be a very important source of genetic variation. In the graphic below, the gene version for brown coloration moves from one population to another.

20. What is Genetic Isolation?
When organisms of a species are cut off from genetically mixing with other organisms of the same species can lead to speciation.

21. What is Genetic Equilibrium
Genetic equilibrium describes the condition of an allele or genotype in a gene pool (such as a population) where the frequency does not change from generation to generation.[1] Genetic equilibrium describes a theoretical state that is the basis for determining whether and in what ways populations may deviate from it. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is one theoretical framework for studying genetic equilibrium. It is commonly studied using models that take as their assumptions those of Hardy-Weinberg, meaning: • No gene mutations occurring at that locus or the loci associated with the trait • A large population size • Limited-to-no immigration, emigration, or migration (genetic flow) • No natural selection on that locus or trait • Random mating (panmixis) It can describe other types of equilibrium as well, especially in modeling contexts. In particular, many models use a variation of the Hardy-Weinberg principle as their basis. Instead of all of the Hardy-Weinberg characters being present, these instead assume a balance between the diversifying effects of genetic drift and the homogenizing effects of migration between populations.[2] A population not at equilibrium suggests that one of the assumptions of the model in question has been violated.

22. What is Stabilizing Selection
When selective pressures select against the two extremes of a trait, the population experiences stabilizing selection. For example, plant height might be acted on by stabilizing selection. A plant that is too short may not be able to compete with other plants for sunlight. However, extremely tall plants may be more susceptible to wind damage. Combined, these two selection pressures select to maintain plants of medium height. The number of plants of medium height will increase while the numbers of short and tall plants will decrease.

23. What is Directional Selection?
In directional selection, one extreme of the trait distribution experiences selection against it. The result is that the population's trait distribution shifts toward the other extreme. In the case of such selection, the mean of the population graph shifts. Using the familiar example of giraffe necks, there was a selection pressure against short necks, since individuals with short necks could not reach as many leaves on which to feed. As a result, the distribution of neck length shifted to favor individuals with long necks.

24. What is Disruptive Selection?
In disruptive selection, selection pressures act against individuals in the middle of the trait distribution. The result is a bimodal, or two-peaked, curve in which the two extremes of the curve create their own smaller curves. For example, imagine a plant of extremely variable height that is pollinated by three different pollinators, one that was attracted to short plants, another that preferred plants of medium height and a third that visited only the tallest plants. If the pollinator that preferred plants of medium height disappeared from an area, medium height plants would be selected against and the population would tend toward both short and tall, but not medium height plants. Such a population, in which multiple distinct forms or morphs exist is said to be polymorphic.

25. What is Coevolution? Coevolution
The term coevolution is used to describe cases where two (or more) species reciprocally affect each other's evolution. So for example, an evolutionary change in the morphology of a plant, might affect the morphology of an herbivore that eats the plant, which in turn might affect the evolution of the plant, which might affect the evolution of the herbivore...and so on.
Coevolution is likely to happen when different species have close ecological interactions with one another. These ecological relationships include:
Predator/prey and parasite/host
Competitive species
Mutualistic species
Bull thorn acacia
Plants and insects represent a classic case of coevolution — one that is often, but not always, mutualistic. Many plants and their pollinators are so reliant on one another and their relationships are so exclusive that biologists have good reason to think that the "match" between the two is the result of a coevolutionary process.
But we can see exclusive "matches" between plants and insects even when pollination is not involved. Some Central American Acacia species have hollow thorns and pores at the bases of their leaves that secrete nectar (see image at right). These hollow thorns are the exclusive nest-site of some species of ant that drink the nectar. But the ants are not just taking advantage of the plant — they also defend their acacia plant against herbivores.
This system is probably the product of coevolution: the plants would not have evolved hollow thorns or nectar pores unless their evolution had been affected by the ants, and the ants would not have evolved herbivore defense behaviors unless their evolution had been affected by the plants.

26. What is Convergent Evolution?
In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.

27. What is Divergent Evolution?
Divergent evolution is the process of tracing back two or more species to their common ancestor. ... Thus, they become a different species to their ancestors and what was once one species has diverged into two. Divergent evolution may be used in contrast to a related term convergent evolution.
The process by which an interbreeding population or species diverges into two or more descendant species, resulting in once similar or related species to become more and more dissimilar
Divergent evolution is the process of tracing back two or more species to their common ancestor. This indicates how these species have diversified and diverged. For example, a flock of bird in migration gets divided as half of them settled to a new island while the other half continued migrating to a farther land. Over time, the two groups become more adapted by developing new characteristics to enable them to survive to their new habitats. Thus, they become a different species to their ancestors and what was once one species has diverged into two.
Divergent evolution may be used in contrast to a related term convergent evolution. The latter pertains to the type of evolution wherein organisms evolve (analogous) structures in spite of their evolutionary ancestors being very dissimilar or unrelated. Analogous structures are those that have the same function but differ in developmental origin and anatomical features. In contrast, species from a common ancestral origin and have anatomically similar structures but dissimilar function are in the state of homology and such structures are referred to as homologous structures.

28. Do it again pg. 68 Define the following words
Directional selection & Disruptive selection

29. Out pg. 68
Why is vocabulary important?