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Solutions,Diffusion, Dialysis, Osmosis and different tonic solutions
By All Staff Members of Medical Biochemistry Department
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--Identify different separation processes
By the end of this topic, the student will be able to: --Identify different separation processes --Identify different tonic solutions
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Colloidal made of colloid solute particles 1-200nm
Solution= Solute + Solvent Types of solutions True made of crystalloid solute particles < 1nm Colloidal made of colloid solute particles 1-200nm Suspension made of suspended solute particles >200nm NaCl in water Starch in water Sand in water
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Types of solutions Lab Activity 1 Starch in water NaCl in water
Sand in water
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Tonicity relation to RBC
Different separation processes Diffusion Definition Factors affecting Medical importance Dialysis Osmosis Tonicity relation to RBC
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Diffusion Random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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Molecules will still move around but stay spread out.
Diffusion continues until all molecules are evenly spaced = (equilibrium) Molecules will still move around but stay spread out.
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Factors affecting the rate of diffusion
Characteristics of the membrane Temperature Characteristics of the solvent MW solute
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Physiological importance of diffusion
Exchange of gases in the lungs and body tissues. Transporting food, waste and other substances in and out of the cells Important for nerve function through the diffusion of neurotransmitters.
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Lab Activity 2 Demonstrate simple diffusionprinciple Temperature affects diffusion (Home activity) Normal temp. Hot temp. Cold temp. ice Drops of Ink Record your observation
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Diffusion through membranes depends on the properties of different membranes
Type of membrane properties Type of diffusion Freely permeable Permeable to all molecules Simple diffusion Dialyzing Permeable to crystalloids not colloids Dialysis semi permeable Permeable only to solvent not solutes Osmosis selective semi permeable Permeable to solvent and some solute eg.chloride,02 Biological membranes
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DIALYSIS It is the process of separation of crystalloids from colloids across a dialyzing membrane Dialysis is the mechanism we can remove toxic metabolic waste molecules from the kidneys.
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Applications of dialysis
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Hemodialysis Prof. Dr Abdelrahman Hammouda
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Lab Activity 3 Demonstrate principle of diffusion process through a dialysis bag . DW Dialysis bag containing glucose, starch & NaCl. Record your observation
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Water moves towards the concentrated solution
This is called Osmosis
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Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Water moves towards the high concentration of solutes Water moves freely through pores. Solute (green) too large to move across.
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Osmotic Pressure Definition The pressure that would prevent the flow of additional water into the more concentrated solution. Greater as the number of dissolved particles in the solution increases. produced by the solute particles dissolved in a solution
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The concentration of body fluids is typically reported in mosmol/L.
Osmolarity It is a number of moles of a substance that contribute to osmotic pressure of solution (osmol/L) The concentration of body fluids is typically reported in mosmol/L. Osmolarity = Molarity x No. Of ions = Osmoles / L
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Example 1 A 1 M NaCl solution contains ...........osmol/L Answer :
2 osmol of solute per liter of solution. NaCl → Na+ + Cl- 1 M does dissociate →1 osmol/L + 1 osmol/L 2 osmol/L in total
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Example 2 A 1 M glucose solution contains ...... osmol /L.
C6H12O6 → C6H12O6 Answer 1 M does not dissociate → 1 osmol/L
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Osmotic Pressure of the Blood
Red blood cells membranes * Semi-permeable. * Maintain an osmotic pressure that cannot change (avoiding damage). *They must maintain an equal flow of water between the red blood cell and its surrounding environment.
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Hypotonic Solution Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High water) Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!
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Hypertonic Solution Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water) shrinks Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the solution: Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!
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Isotonic Solution Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)))
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Osmosis in living cells
Have cell walls that are semi permeable membranes
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If placed in a hypertonic solution…
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If placed in a hypertonic solution…
Higher concentration Higher concentration Lower concentration
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Water leaves the cell by osmosis
If placed in a hypertonic solution… Higher concentration Higher concentration Lower concentration Water leaves the cell by osmosis
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If placed in a hypertonic solution…
The cell loses volume and shrinks (or “crenates”) Water leaves the cell by osmosis
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If placed in a hypertonic solution…
The cell loses volume and shrinks (or “crenates”) Water leaves the cell by osmosis
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If placed in a hypertonic solution…
The cell loses volume and shrinks (or “crenates”) Water leaves the cell by osmosis
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If placed in a hypertonic solution…
The cell loses volume and shrinks (or “crenates”) Water leaves the cell by osmosis
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If placed in a hypertonic solution…
The cell loses volume and shrinks (or “crenates”) Water leaves the cell by osmosis Water loss only ceases if the concentration of the cytoplasm rises to that of the surrounding solution
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If placed in a hypotonic solution…
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Water enters the cell by osmosis
If placed in a hypotonic solution… Lower concentration Higher concentration Water enters the cell by osmosis
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The cell gains volume and expands Water enters the cell by osmosis
If placed in a hypotonic solution… The cell gains volume and expands Water enters the cell by osmosis
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The cell gains volume and expands Water enters the cell by osmosis
If placed in a hypotonic solution… The cell gains volume and expands Water enters the cell by osmosis
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The cell gains volume and expands Water enters the cell by osmosis
If placed in a hypotonic solution… The cell gains volume and expands Water enters the cell by osmosis
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The cell gains volume and expands Water enters the cell by osmosis
If placed in a hypotonic solution… The cell gains volume and expands Water enters the cell by osmosis
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The cell gains volume and expands Water enters the cell by osmosis
If placed in a hypotonic solution… The cell gains volume and expands Since the membrane can not resist expansion, the cell eventually bursts Water enters the cell by osmosis
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If placed in an isotonic solution…
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The cell maintains its shape and volume
If placed in an isotonic solution… The cell maintains its shape and volume No net Water movement
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What happens when RBCs are put in solutions of the following concentrations? 0.9% NaCl 1.5% NaCl 0.47% NaCl
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Answer
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Clinical applications of osmosis
I.V. injection of Mannitol in brain edema Increasing the solute load in urine, either by diuretics or due to disease the purgative action of Mg SO4 in the intestine
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Lab activities include :
2.Demonstrate simple diffusion principle 1.Demonstrate Types of Solutions Water, glucose, starch and NaCl 3.Demonstrate diffusion in a dialysis bag
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Lab activities include :
Hypertonic solution Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution. 4.Demonstrate RBCs exposure to
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Extended Modular Program
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