1. Ancient Rome

2. Rome Similarities to other ancient civilizations? What made it unique?
Pros and cons of republic vs. empire?
Where do we see traces of it in modern West?

3. Rome The Origins of Rome (ca. 800-500 BC) In Latium Tiber River
Legendary founders: Romulus and Remus

4. Capitoline Museum, Rome
She-wolf (ca. 500 BC),
Capitoline Museum, Rome

5. Rome The Roman Republic (ca. 500-27 BC)
Established after overthrow of kings
REPUBLIC (res publica)
Goal: limit arbitrary authority of one person
Government authority to be shared equally among Roman aristocrats

6. Rome
Republican Government
CONSULS
The Senate
DICTATOR
The Senate

7. Rome Roman Expansion Formidable army (“iron legions”)
By 133, BC Italy and Greek East conquered
Built roads
Established colonies

8. Rome The Punic Wars (264-146 BC) Mediterranean powers: Rome, Carthage
Carthage: naval power
Three wars
End result: destruction of Carthage

9. Rome First Punic War (264-241 BC) Over Sicily Rome built a fleet
Roman victory
Outcome
Carthage no longer maritime superpower
Rome gained Sicily, more later

10. Rome
Corvus

11. Rome Second Punic War (218-201 BC)
Due to Carthage’s expansion in Spain
HANNIBAL invaded Italy via Alps
Rome conquered Spain, won in Africa
Outcome: Carthage lost empire outside Africa

12. Rome
Questions?

13. Rome Crisis in the Republic 100+ years of warfare
Disregard for republican ideals
Slave War in Italy (73-71 BC)
70,000 + slaves revolted, led by SPARTACUS
Ultimately crushed  6,000 slaves crucified

14. Rome Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) Roman general, politician
Growing power  threat to Senate, politicians
Caesar invaded Italy (50 BC), gained control
Hunted enemies down in Greece, Africa

15. Rome The Fall of Caesar Returned to Rome in triumph  more power!
Senate granted Caesar title “dictator for life” (Feb., 44 BC)
Assassinated (March 15, 44 BC)!
Civil war!

16. Rome Cleopatra VII (r. 51-30 BC) Hellenistic pharaoh Wore “two faces”
Encounters with Romans
Met Julius Caesar  lovers
She and Antony  lovers, allies

17. Rome

18. Rome Civil War: Antony and Cleopatra vs. Octavian
Octavian victorious at Battle of Actium, Greece (September, 31 BC)
Antony, Cleopatra committed suicide
Octavian now master of Roman world
Battle of Actium

19. Rome
Questions?

20. Rome Augustus Caesar (r. 29 BC – AD 14) Called “Augustus”
Task: tactfully rebuild Rome
First Roman emperor
Constitutional monarch

21. Rome Augustan Reforms Centralized government, provincial focus
Crusade against “immorality”
Sought to revive religion

22. Rome
Remains of Temple of Julius Caesar, Roman Forum

23. Rome The Pax Romana and Culture PAX ROMANA
“Golden Age” of Latin Literature
Augustus was a patron of the arts
Virgil’s AENEID
Ovid’s Art of Love  banishment!

24. Rome
Pont du Gard (1st cent. AD), Nîmes, France

25. Rome
Garden Room, Villa Livia (Late 1st cent. BC)

26. Rome
Augustus Caesar
“I found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble!”
No heirs
Rule  stepson Tiberius

27. Rome

28. Rome Colosseum (AD 80) Amphitheater 50,000+ spectators
Mock naval battles!
Main entertainment: gladiators

29. Rome

30. Rome

31. Rome
Roman Empire (2nd cent. AD)

32. Rome Third-Century Anarchy (235-285)
Assassinations, civil wars  many emperors
Continued frontier war  empire stretched too thin
Other disasters
Capture of Valerian (r ) by Persians

33. Rome Diocletian (r. 284-305) Ended crisis
Reforms: tetrarchy, increased size of military
Emperor now absolute monarch, lord

34. Rome
Questions?

35. Rome Similarities to other ancient civilizations? What made it unique?
Pros and cons of republic vs. empire?
Where do we see traces of it in modern West?