1. Acoustic and vestibular apparatus
Ákos Lukáts MD. Ph.D.

2. Ear
- Outer ear
- Middle ear
- Inner ear

3. Outer ear
- auricle
- external acoustic meatus
- tympanic membrane (border)
Tubular canal
Roles:
-to transfer sound waves to the tympanic membrane, that make it to oscillate
- help detecting direction

4. Middle ear
- tympanic membrane (border)
- tympanic cavity with the ossicles
- Eustachian tube
To transfer the oscillation of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear receptors

5. Inner ear
- bony labyrinth
- membranous labyrinth
Receptors for hearing and balance

6. incisura intertragica
Auricule
helix
tragus
anthelix
incisura intertragica
ETC.
antitragus
lobulus auricularis
Known inheritance, previously used to identify the father of children.

7. External acoustic meatus
Cartilaginous and osseous parts
Slightly curved, but could be straightened for the inspection of the tympanic membrane
Gland producing cerumen
Relatively frequent inflammations, especially in small children

8. Tympanic membrane Plica mallearis ant.
Plica mallearis post. (chorda tymp.)
Prominentia mallearis
Pars flaccida
Stria mallearis
Umbo membr. tymp.
cone of light
Pars tensa

10. Otitis media

12. Middle ear – ossicles incus malleus (hammer)
Role: to reinforce the oscillations of the tympanic membrane to be able to transfer oscillation to the perilymph of the inner ear – impedance matching
stapes

13. The tympanic membrane oscillates with greater amplitude than the stapes, but due to the differences in surface area the pressure exerted by stapes is much higher (also act as a two armed lever)
Have to transfer the oscillation to a fluid, which have a bigger inertia.
(impedance matching)

14. Lig. incudis sup.
Lig. mallei sup.
Lig. incudis post.
Lig. mallei lat.
Lig. mallei ant.
Chorda tympani
m. tensor tymp.
n. V/3.
m. stapedius
n. VII.

15. Matchbox shape with 6 walls
Tympanic cavity
Air filled cavity, communicating with the pharynx via the Eustachian tube (to equalize the pressures – scuba diving)
Matchbox shape with 6 walls

16. Medial wall (paries labirinthicus)
Prominentia canalis semicircularis lateralis
fenestra vestibuli
Prominentia canalis facialis
Semicanalis mi. Tensoris tympani
Antrum mastoideum
Ostium tymp. Tubae auditivae
Sinus tympani
promontorium
Sulcus promontorii n. tympanicus (IX)
fenestra cochleae

17. Lateral wall (paries membranaceus)
Manubrium mallei
Recessus epitympanicus
chorda tympani
Anulus fibrocartilagineus
Membrana tympanica

18. Anterior wall (paries caroticus)
Tuba auditiva
m. Tensor tympani
Canalis caroticus
(aa. Caroticotympanici)
As a developmental defect the internal carotid a. could be inside the cavity

19. n. Auricularis post. n. VII.
Nerves
n. stapedius
n. tympanicus
r. Auricularis n. X.
n. Petrosus major
n. Auricularis post. n. VII.
n. Petrosus minor
n. VII.
Plexus carotideus
Chorda tympani

20. Peripheral facial paresis (Bell’s paresis)

21. Inner ear
A complicated 3D lumen with bony walls - bony labyrinth, filled with fluid (perilymph)
The receptors are located in a membranous structure - membranous labyrinth, that is floating in this fluid

22. Inner ear receptors: cochlea
Receptor for hearing

23. Oscillation of stapes is transferred to the perilymph (scala vestibuli and scala tympani).

25. Acoustic cortex
Sensory speech center

26. Receptors of balance Semicircular ducts: angular acceleration
Saccule and utricle: linear acceleration

28. Szentagothai J, Réthelyi M: Funkcionális anatómia, Medicina, 1989
Literature
Szentagothai J, Réthelyi M: Funkcionális anatómia, Medicina, 1989
Sobota - Atlas of Human Anatomy, 20th edition, Urban and Schwarzenberger, 1993
Guyton, Arthur C - Textbook of medical physiology, 11th edition, Elsevier Inc., 2006