1. Pleistocene to Holocene

2. Pleistocene to Holocene
What happened?
When?
Why?
How many?

3. Holocene (0.01 MYA to present)
WHEN?
Pleistocene (1.6 MYA)
Holocene (0.01 MYA to present)
Source: Lane, N. G. (1992). Life of the past (Third edition). Maxwell Macmillan International: New York.

4. What happened? Sixth Great Extinction:
myr – Ordovician- Silurian extinction
myr – Devonian extinction
250 myr – Permian- Triassic extinction
200 myr – Triassic – Jurassic extinction
65 myr – Cretaceous extinction
5,000 yr – Holocene extinction

5. Why extinction happen?
The causes of extinctions have traditionally been divided into two camps:
Human impacts
Climatic impacts
(Johnson & Wroe, 2003;Louys et al., 2007)

6. Causes of extinction of 4 Megafauna in Borneo
(Cranbrook,2010)
Climate change
hunting

7. How many extinct? Borneo: Cuon Panthera Tapirus Rhinoceros
Giant  pangolin
(Manis gigantea)- extinct from Niah caves
(Harrison,1996)

8. Referrences
Harrison, T. (1996). The palaeoecological context at Niah Cave, Sarawak: evidence from the primate fauna. Indo-Pasific Prehistory Association Bulletin 14:
Johnson, C. N. & Wroe, S. (2003). Causes of extinction of vertebrates during the Holocene of mainland Australia: arrival of the dingo, or human impact? The Holocene 13(6):
Lane, N. G. (1992). Life of the past (Third edition). Maxwell Macmillan International: New York.
Louys, J., Curnoe, D. & Tong, H. (2007). Characteristics of Pleistocene megafauna extinctions in Southeast Asia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 243: