1. Starter Quick Quiz!! What 2 ways does air enter the body?
What are the 2 muscles involved with breathing at rest
What happens when these muscles contract to thoracic cavity volume?
Lung pressure increases when respiratory muscles contract or relax?
What is the function of the pulmonary pleura?
What is tidal volume?
What is minute ventilation?
Name 5 bones which surround the lungs and abdominals?
Nasal and oral cavities
Diaphragm and external intercostals
Increases
Relax
Reduce friction
The amount of air breathed in or out per breath
The amount of air breathed in or our per minute
Post it notes

2. Mechanics of Breathing
Learning Objectives
Know the muscles involved during respiration during exercise
Understand the changes occur during exercise
Be able to explain the changes in the mechanics of breathing during physical activity

3. The Basics Two key processes: Inspiration Air passes into the lungs
Expiration
Air leaves the lungs
Thoracic cavity volumes
Lung air pressure
Air movement
Muscles
Movement
Learning Objectives
Know the muscles involved during respiration during exercise
Understand the changes occur during exercise
Be able to explain the changes in the mechanics of breathing during physical activity

4. The Basics Two key processes: Inspiration Air passes into the lungs
Expiration
Air leaves the lungs
Both processes have five steps
Each step causes the following step to happen
Thoracic cavity volumes
Lung air pressure
Air movement
Muscles
Movement
Learning Objectives
Know the muscles involved during respiration during exercise
Understand the changes occur during exercise
Be able to explain the changes in the mechanics of breathing during physical activity

5. Key muscles in Respiration

6. Thoracic cavity volume
At Rest
INSPIRATION (ACTIVE)
EXPIRATION (PASSIVE)
Muscle action
Movement
Thoracic cavity volume
Lung air pressure
Movement of air

7. Thoracic cavity volume
During Exercise
INSPIRATION (ACTIVE)
EXPIRATION (PASSIVE)
Muscle action
Movement
Thoracic cavity volume
Lung air pressure
Movement of air

8. Breathing at rest INSPIRATION (ACTIVE) EXPIRATION (PASSIVE)
Muscle action
Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
Diaphragm and external intercostals relax
Movement
Diaphragm flattens/pushed down
Ribs/sternum up and out
Diaphragm pushed upwards
Ribs/sternum in and down
Thoracic cavity volume
Volume increases
Volume decreases
Lung air pressure
Decreases below atmospheric air
Increases above atmospheric air
Movement of air
Air rushes into lungs
Air rushes out of lungs

9. Breathing during exercise
INSPIRATION (ACTIVE)
EXPIRATION***
Muscle action
Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis minor contract
Diaphragm and external intercostals relax
Internal intercostals, rectus abdominals and obliques contract (active)
Movement
Diaphragm flattens with more force
Increased lift of Ribs/sternum
Diaphragm pushed upwards harder and with more force
Ribs/sternum pulled in and down
Thoracic cavity volume
Greater increase in volume
Greater decrease in volume
Lung air pressure
Decreases further below atmospheric air
Increases further above atmospheric air
Movement of air
More air rushes into lungs
More air pushed out of lungs

10. Starter - Respiratory Volumes
Tidal volume 
Vital capacity 
**Residual volume 
Total lung capacity 
Minute Ventilation (VE) 

11. Respiratory Volumes

12. Vital capacity + Residual volume Tidal volume x Frequency
Respiratory Volumes
Tidal volume  The amount of air breathed in or out during normal respiration/per breath (around 500ml)
Vital capacity  The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation (usually tested with a spirometer)
**Residual volume  The volume of air that remains in the lungs after the individual has breathed out as much as he can
Total lung capacity  The total volume of air that the lung can contain
Vital capacity + Residual volume
Minute Ventilation (VE)  Total volume of air taken into the lungs per minute
Tidal volume x Frequency
500 x 15 = 7500ml/min = 7.5L/min

13. Calculations
Tital Volume (TV) x Frequency (f) = Minute Ventilation (VE)
TV (ml) x f (breaths per beat) = VE (bpm)
You can measure the performance of the heart by its output –
Tidal Volume (TV): The volume of air inspired or expired per breath – approx. 500ml at rest
Frequency (f): The number of breaths taken in one minute – approx breaths at rest
Minute Ventilation (VE): The volume of air inspired or expired in one minute – 6L/min at rest
Learning Objectives
Know the muscles involved during respiration during exercise
Understand the changes occur during exercise
Be able to explain the changes in the mechanics of breathing during physical activity

14. Lung volumes during exercise
Tidal Volume (TV): 3-4 litres
Frequency (f): 40-60
Minute Ventilation (VE): 120 L/min and up to 180+L/min in trained athletes
Respiration increases in line with exercise intensity in order to supply O2 to the working muscles
Tidal volume and frequency increase at lower intensities
At maximal output, frequency continues to increase

15. Lung capacity training
Step 1: Sit upright in a comfortable chair without touching the backrest. Place both hands on your chest and abdomen to feel them rise and fall as you breathe in and out.
Step 2: Breathe in as deeply as you can. Time your breaths so you are breathing in for three seconds, holding your breath for two seconds, then breathing out for three seconds. Repeat this process for 20 breaths.
Step 3: Breathe in as deeply as you can. Focus on expanding your chest rather than expanding your abdomen as you breathe in. In (3 secs), hold (2 secs), out (3 secs). Repeat this process for 20 breaths.
Step 4: Inhale by first concentrating on expanding your abdomen, then continue inhaling while concentrating on expanding your chest. Hold this breath for two seconds, then exhale, concentrating on emptying your chest first, then your abdomen. Continue this process for 20 breaths.
Step 5: Inhale deeply to fill your lungs completely, then exhale the full contents of your lungs into your empty balloon. You do not need to blow up the balloon all the way; focus on blowing as much air as you can into it with a single breath. The resistance of the balloon will help you strengthen and expand your lungs.
Learning Objectives
Know the muscles involved during respiration during exercise
Understand the changes occur during exercise
Be able to explain the changes in the mechanics of breathing during physical activity

16. Gaseous Exchange
Now we know how air is supplied to the body, lets look at how O2 and CO2 are exchanged
Gaseous exchange relies on a process called diffusion
Gases move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
The difference between the high and low pressure is called the diffusion gradient
The bigger the gradient the greater the diffusion and gaseous exchange that can occur
Learning Objectives
Know the muscles involved during respiration during exercise
Understand the changes occur during exercise
Be able to explain the changes in the mechanics of breathing during physical activity

17. Partial pressure
You need to understand this to be able to understand gaseous exchange
Basically the pressure exerted by a particular gas within a mixture of gases
Gases always move from high partial pressure to low partial pressure
The difference between the high and low pressure is called the diffusion gradient; the larger the gradient, the larger the diffusion / gaseous exchange that takes place
You don’t have to know values but they may help you understand the process
Learning Objectives
Know the muscles involved during respiration during exercise
Understand the changes occur during exercise
Be able to explain the changes in the mechanics of breathing during physical activity

18. Breathing at rest KEY TERM: MYOGLOBIN
Red pigment in muscles that stores and transports O2 to mitochondria within muscles
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
(alveoli air to alveolar capillaries)
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
(blood in capillaries to tissue cell walls)
Where does it occur?
alveolar-capillary membrane
tissue-capillary membrane
What is the change?
O2 in alveoli diffuses to blood
CO2 in blood diffuses to alveoli
O2 in blood diffuses to myoglobin within tissue
CO2 in tissue diffuses to blood
Why?
O2 PP in the alveoli is higher than PP in the blood
CO2 PP in the blood is higher than PP in the alveoli
O2 PP in the blood is higher than PP in the tissue
CO2 PP in the tissue is higher than PP in the blood
How is Oxygen transported in the blood?
97% Hb as HbO2
3% in Blood Plasma

19. Membranes Learning Objectives
Know the muscles involved during respiration during exercise
Understand the changes occur during exercise
Be able to explain the changes in the mechanics of breathing during physical activity

20. Record of Achievement

21. Exam Question