1. Ch. 29: Predetermined Time Systems
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth broke work into therbligs (elements).
The next step is to assign time values to the elements.
Times for elements are added to obtain a total time.
Independence and additivity are assumed.
PTS are based on the concept that there are basic, universal units of work with standard amounts of time.
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2. Therbligs
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3. Methods-Time Measurements (MTM)
Developed in 1946
Simplified versions are available.
A training course is required for using the system correctly.
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4. MTM-1 10 categories of movements Times in TMUs (1 TMU = .000 010 h)
Times are for an experienced worker working at a normal pace.
No allowances are included in the times.
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5. Reach (table 29.1, pg. 563)
Reach to an object in a fixed location or in the other hand.
Reach to a single object whose general location is known.
Reach to an object jumbled with others in a group.
Reach to a very small object or where accurate grasp is required.
Reach to an indefinite location.
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6. Move (table 29.2, pg. 565)
Move object to the other hand or against stop.
Move object to an approximate or indefinite location.
Move object to an exact location.
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7. Turn (table 29.4, pg. 566)
A movement that rotates the hand, wrist, and forearm about the long axis of the forearm.
Time depends on degrees of turn, weight of the object, and resistance against turn.
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8. Apply Pressure (table 29.5, pg. 567)
Application of force without resultant movement.
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9. Grasp (table 29.6, pg. 567) Pickup grasp Regrasp Transfer grasp
Jumbled grasp
Contact, sliding, or hook grasp
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10. Position (table 29.7, pg. 568)
Aligning, orienting, or engaging one object with another
Position times vary with:
Amount of pressure needed to fit
Symmetry of the object
Ease of handling
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11. Disengage (table 29.8, pg. 569)
Breaking contact between one object and another
Times vary with:
Class of fit
Ease of handling
Care in handling
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12. Release (table 29.9, pg. 569)
Relinquishing control of an object by the hand or fingers
Two types:
Simple opening of the fingers
Contact release
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13. Other Motions Body, leg, and foot motions Eye motions Combined motions
Limited motions
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14. MTM Form
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15. MTM-2 Takes about 40% of the time of MTM-1 to analyze a task.
Has only 37 times in all.
Key categories are GET and PUT.
see, for example, table 29.13, pg. 574
Provides decision trees to determine case.
User estimates distance and uses time from table.
Includes 7 other motions.
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16. MTM-2 Analysis
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17. MTM-3 Takes about 15% of the time of MTM-1 to analyze a task.
Has only 10 times.
Key categories are HANDLE and TRANSPORT.
Provides decision trees to determine case.
User estimates distance (< 6 in. or > 6 in.) and uses time from table.
Includes 2 other motions.
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18. MTM-3 Analysis
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19. MOST Work Measurement System
Based on observation that the majority of activities are associated with a limited number of motion sequences.
Significantly reduces time required to perform an analysis.
4 sequence models (pp. 577 – 580)
General move sequence [A B G A B P A]
Controlled move sequence [A B G M X I A]
Tool use sequence [A B G A B P use* A B P A]
Manual crane sequence [A B G M X I A, specific to crane use.]
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20. General Move Sequence Model
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21. Your turn … Perform a MOST analysis of the peg board task.
Perform a MOST analysis of writing “MOST” on your notes with a pencil (assume the pencil is picked up from the desk at the beginning and returned to the desk at the end of the task.)
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22. MODAPTS
Based on the concept that the body member used is the key variable.
All body movements are multiples of a MOD (1 MOD = .129 s).
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23. Comments about PTS In theory, PTS can accurately predict task times.
Evidence shows reality and theory don’t agree.
One problem is that analyst judgment is required.
Most managements are not concerned with a great deal of accuracy.
Managements are concerned with cost of analysis.
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24. Purposes of PTS Studies
Make a methods analysis to determine an efficient work method
Determine the amount of time necessary to do the job
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