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Honors Chemistry Mrs. Coyle

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1 Honors Chemistry Mrs. Coyle
Hybridization Honors Chemistry Mrs. Coyle

2 Hybrization of Orbitals
The merging of several atomic orbitals to form the same total number of hybrid orbitals. Analogy: Mixing red and white pigment to form pink.

3 Example: Unhybridized Outer Orbitals of Carbon
 ↓ _ _ s p2

4 Why does carbon form four bonds with other atoms?
This can be explained with the model of hybridization of orbitals.

5 Hybridized Orbitals of Carbon in forming Methane
The s orbital merges with the three p orbitals to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals that are identical. _ _ _ _ sp3 sp sp3 sp3

6 Outer Orbitals of Carbon
Unhybridized Carbon  ↓ _ _ s p2 Hybridized Carbon _ _ _ _ sp3 sp sp3 sp3

7 Hybridized Carbon Orbitals
The four sp3 orbitals are arranged in a tetrahedral shape. Each hybrid sp3 orbital contains one electron and is available to bond with another atom.

8 Methane Four hydrogen atoms, each having an s orbital, overlap with each of the sp3 orbitals. Each of these bonds is called a σ (sigma) bond. 109.5o

9 Hybridization of Orbitals Animation

10 σ (sigma) bond A covalent bond formed by the overlap of orbitals along the bond axis end to end. A sigma bond can be formed by the overlap of: s and p orbitals two p orbitals two hybrid orbitals an s orbital and a hybrid orbital

11 Ethane

12 π (pi bond) A covalent bond formed by the parallel (side by side) overlap of two p orbitals.

13 Ethylene (Ethene) C2H4 Each carbon atom forms:
three hybrid sp2 orbitals that lie on the same plane at 120o and a third p orbital that is lying perpendicular to the plane

14 Ethylene (Ethene) C2H4

15 Ethylene (Ethene) C2H4

16 Ethene (Ethylene), C2H4 The double bond between the two carbon atoms is made up of a sigma bond and a pi bond. The pi bond is made up of the parallel overlap of the p orbitals. The sigma bond is made up of the end to end overlap of the sp2 orbitals.

17 Double Bond A double bond is made up of a sigma bond and a pi bond.

18 Acetylene (Ethyne), C2H2 The carbon atoms forms:
two hybrid sp orbitals two p orbitals.

19 Acetylene (Ethyne), C2H2

20 Triple Bond Is made up of a sigma bond and two pi bonds.

21 Benzene, C6H6

22 Benzene, C6H6

23 Benzene, C6H6 The p orbitals can overlap forming a pi bond on both sides and therefore a circular orbital forms around the whole ring.

24 Benzene, C6H6

25 Gallery of Molecules

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