1. Guidelines for designing Windows and Forms
Interface Layout and Formatting
Prototype various alternatives and let users test them
While you design user-interfaces think about :
Consistency, labels and headings, distribution and order, fonts and colors
Data Entry
Text box, list box, combo box, radio buttons, check boxes
Navigation and Support Controls
Minimize, maximize, close, scroll bars, resize
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

2. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition
RMO Windows Form
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

3. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

4. Guidelines for Web Browser User Interfaces
Consistency
Critical within websites because most sites contain a large number of pages that serve many different purposes and users
The site as a whole is a single system that should support a single look and feel and should project a consistent ,appealing, and desirable image for the corporation as a whole
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) – Web page encoding standard that enables a Web site designer to specify parts of a page that will always look the same and parts that will vary by task or audience
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

5. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

6. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

7. Guidelines for Web Browser User Interfaces
Performance Considerations
The delay between clicking a hyperlink and the display of the requested page depends on :
Network connection speed, amount of information transmitted, the capacity of the network ,the number of the users that are competing for the network capacity
A trade-off exists between the amount of information transmitted and the time it takes for the page to refresh
Page with extensive information content or with embedded programming can avoid page refreshes
EX: a page containing a blank order form
Designers of web-based user interfaces must perform a careful balancing ,providing embedded ‘intelligence’ within a page content to avoid refreshes but not overloading page content so as to avoid long delays when the user moves from page to page
Through testing

8. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

9. Submenu content appears automatically without the need for a page refresh
Page takes longer to download due to embedded menu content and related programming

10. Guidelines for Web Browser User Interfaces
Pictures, Video, and Sound
Heavy use of sound and images exacerbates the performance issues and also creates issues of compatibility
Videos and high-resolution images consume large amount of network capacity
Compatibility issues arise for sound and video because there are so many ways in which they can be encoded
Most web browsers rely on add-on components to play sounds and to display video
Unfortunately ,all plug-ins don’t work with all browsers
Web site designer must carefully choose which formats and plug-ins will be used

11. Guidelines for Web Browser User Interfaces
a plug-in is a set of software components that adds specific abilities to a larger software application. For example, plug-ins are commonly used in web browsers to play video, scan for viruses, and display new file types. Well-known plug-ins examples include Adobe Flash Player, QuickTime, and Java Applets.
Users with Disabilities
Assistive technologies -- software (such as text-to-speech and voice-recognition utilities) that adapts user interfaces to the special needs of persons with disabilities
Designers of all user interfaces must be sensitive to the special needs of persons with disabilities

12. Guidelines for Handheld Devices
Challenges
Small screen size, small keyboards and touch screens, limited network capacity
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

13. Guidelines for Handheld Devices
Pare down the user-interfaces content to ensure readability and avoid cluttering the screen
Avoid detailed textual input whenever possible
Provide touch controls that are well spaced and easy to locate
Speech-to-text capabilities can be used for data entry
Page sizes must be limited
Avoid using high-resolution images and videos
User-interface developers should use the toolkits and guidelines that provided by each OS
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

14. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Identifying System Interfaces Inputs/outputs with minimal human intervention
Inputs from and outputs to other systems
These are direct interfaces with other information systems, normally formatted as network messages.
Highly automated inputs and outputs
These are captured by devices (such as scanners) or generated by persons who start a process that proceeds without further human intervention.
Inputs and outputs to external databases
These can supply input to or accept output from a system.
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15. XML for System Interfaces
Modern Electronic data interchange EDI messages are generally formatted in Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Extensible Markup Language (XML) -- extension of HTML that embeds self-defining data structures within textual messages
Many newer systems are using XML to provide a common system-to-system interface

16. Designing System Inputs
The system developers must focus on three areas:
Identifying the devices that will be used to enter input
Identifying all systems inputs and developing a list with data content of each
Determining what kinds of controls are necessary for each system input
Automated input devices
Primary Objective is Error Free Input
Use electronic devices wherever possible
Avoid human involvement as much as possible
If information is already available in electronic form, use it instead of re-entering information
Validate and correct information at time and location entered

17. Designing System Inputs
Some of the more common devices used to avoid human keystroking
Magnetic card strip readers, bar code readers, optical character recognition, radio frequency ID tags (RFID), touch screen, electronic pens, digitizers, speech recognition
Defining the details of system inputs
Use documents that developed during analysis (Sequence Diagram) to identify the incoming and outgoing messages for each use case
Define these messages precisely :their transmission methods, contents, and formats

18. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Input of user interface
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

19. Designing System Outputs
This activity focus on 4 areas:
Making a list of required system outputs
Determining the type of each system output
Specifying any necessary controls to protect the information provided in the output
Designing and prototyping the output layout
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

20. Designing System Outputs reports ,statements, and turnaround documents
Report types:
Detailed reports -- reports that contain specific information on business transactions
Summary reports -- reports that summarize detail or recap periodic activity
Exception reports -- reports that provide details or summary information about transactions or operating results that fall outside a predefined normal range of values
Executive reports -- reports used by high level managers to assess overall organizational health and performance

21. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
System Outputs
Internal outputs -- reports or other outputs produced for use within the organization
External outputs -- reports or other outputs produced for use by people outside the organization
Statements, notices, stockholder reports
Higher quality, color, reflect image of organization
Turnaround documents -- external outputs that includes one or more parts intended to be returned with new data or information
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

22. Electronic reports:
Provide great flexibility in the organization and presentation of information
Screen output could be formatted as printed report or present information in many other formats (detailed and summary sections ,some show data and graphics together, dynamically…. )
An important benefit is that it is dynamic: it can change to meet the specific needs of a user in a particular situation
Ad hoc reporting capabilities : user can design their own reports
An electronic report can provide links to further information one technique called drill down

23. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition
Graphical and multimedia presentation
Tools that permit data to be presented in charts and graphs have made information reporting much more friendly
Today’s systems maintain massive amounts of data much more than people can review
The only effective way to use this data by summarizing and presenting it in graphical form
Multimedia outputs have become available
Combining visual and audio output is powerful way to present information
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

24. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

25. External Output Example
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

26. Internal Output Example Detailed control break report
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

27. Drill Down Online Report Summary and Detailed
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

28. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Graphical Outputs
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

29. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Summary
There are two types of interfaces – user interfaces and system interfaces
User interfaces involve direct user interaction with the system. System interfaces require minimal or no user interaction
The design of the user interface has a long history as human computer interaction (HCI) and relies on user-centered design, which focuses early on users, evaluates designs to ensure usability, and uses iterative development
Metaphors are used to think about the nature of the user interface, and they include direct manipulation, desktop, document, and dialog metaphors.
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

30. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Summary (continued)
Key user interface concepts include affordance and visibility for controls
Other key principles include consistency, shortcuts, feedback, dialog closure, error handling, reversal of actions, and reducing short term memory loads
Use cases are organized into one or more menu hierarchies to arrange functionality for users
Dialogs and storyboards are used to design the interaction for each use case based on use case flow of activates and system sequence diagrams
Guidelines are available for designing for Windows, Web browsers, and Handheld devices
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

31. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Summary (continued)
System interfaces include inputs and outputs to other systems, highly automated inputs and outputs, and inputs and outputs to external databases.
Designing system inputs involves identifying devices and mechanisms, identifying inputs and the data content, and determining the controls necessary
Designing system outputs includes designing detailed reports, summary report, exception reports, and executive reports
Outputs are also classified as internal, external, or turnaround
Electronic reports and other outputs can include drill down, graphics, and multimedia
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.