1. Tools of the trade

2. Intro – hand tool safety and care
Some hand tools are designed for a specific purpose
Choose the proper tool for the job
Use the tool as it is meant to be used
Keep the tools clean
Wear appropriate PPE

3. Strap, chain, and spanner wrenches
Strap and chain are types of pipe wrenches
Used in the same places a pipe wrench is used
Used in areas where pipe wrenches can not fit – next to a wall
Chain wrenches can handle pipe up to 18 inches diameter
Strap wrenches can go up to 12 inches diameter
Strap wrenches are often used when pipe or chain wrenches would mar the surface
Spanner wrenches are made for a specific purpose
Spanner wrenches usually are furnished with the tool that they are used on

4. Taper gauges – pipe and tubing cutters
Taper gauge – a solid shaft-shaped bar with a tapered section used to measure the inside diameters of tapered holes
Insert into the hole and read the at the gauge line
Pipe cutters are used to cut steel, brass, copper and iron pipe
It has a cutting wheel mounted so that it is stationary and two pressure rollers
Tubing cutters are similar to pipe cutters but used to cut thin- wall metal or plastic
Place cutter on the pipe, tighten pressure rollers, rotate around the pipe, repeat until pipe is cut

5. Putty knives/scrapers, drift pins, mallets
Putty knives are used to scrape off gaskets, glue, sealer and other substances when cleaning pipe flanges and other machinery
Uses at an effective angle for the job
Drift pins are round steel pieces that are tapered on one end
A barrel pin is a drift pin that is tapered on both ends
They are used to align bolt holes when connecting flanges
Dead-blow mallets and rawhide mallets are used whenever using steel hammers would deface the work
Never use a mallet to drive nails
Use mallets to shape, bend or force metal pieces together

6. Diagonal cutters, tin snips
Diagonal cutters are small pliers used to cut wire, cotter pins, and other light metal items that are not accessible with other cutters
Since the cutting edges are offset about 15 degrees, they are used to cut small objects close to a surface
Tin snips work like scissors – they cut light-gauge sheet metal where power metal cutters can not be used
There are several types of snips, including some that make straight or circular cuts – they come in right or left hand styles
Aviation snips are color coded by the handle to tell whether they cut a curve to the right, left, or straight
Red – cut to the left, green – cut to the right, yellow – cut straight

7. Taps and dies
Cut threads into materials like metal, plastic, and hard rubber
Taps are used to cut internal threads in materials
Dies are used to cut external threads on bolts or rods
Chamfer – an angle cut only on the edge of a piece of material
Taper taps – used when starting a tapping operation or when tapping through holes - chamfer length 8 to 10 threads
Plug taps – used after the taper tap – chamfer length 3 to 5 threads
Bottoming taps – used after the taper and plug tap – used for threading the bottom of a blind hole (ends inside the material)– chamfer length 1 to 1 ½ threads

8. Taps and dies
Pipe taps are used where extremely tight fits are necessary – for pipe fittings
Dies are made in a variety of shapes and sizes
Pipe dies are made to cut specific types of threads
Rethreading dies are used to repair damaged or rusty threads on bolts or screws

9. Thread gauges, scribers, tension meters
Threads gauges – also known as screw pitch gauges are used to measure the pitch of threaded fasteners
Pitch – number of threads per inch on bolts, screws, and threaded rods
Can be used to measure internal and external threads
Scribers – sharp, pointed, pencil-like tools used to mark lines on sheet or plate metal
Tension meter – measure the tension on belts

10. Strobe lights, sheave gauges, cylinder hone
Strobe light – a light that flashes at a certain controlled frequency
If a strobe light is set to the frequency of a motor the light will always show the same point on the motors shaft – can also make the motor appear in slow motion
Sheave gauge – used to measure the side wall wear of a belt sheave (a grooved wheel used as a belt pulley)
Cylinder hone – used to dress the walls of cylinders when rebuilding or repairing engines, pumps, compressors or any equipment with cylinders
Has abrasive stones that cut small amounts of metal away from the cylinder wall

11. Gear puller, packing puller, reamer
Gear puller – are made to grip gears or bearings in a way that will not damage them
They apply force to the gear or bearing in a straight and even motion
Made of steel, have two or more interchangeable reversible jaws, and a pressure bolt mounted in the middle
Wear eye protection in case it comes off quickly
Packing puller – used to remove packing from valves, pumps, and some motors
Some resemble a pick with curved point, others are flexible and have a corkscrew-like end
Reamer – used to enlarge and true holes – cuts in a clockwise motion
Has a body, shank, and brittle cutting blades

12. Retaining ring pliers, extractors
Used to remove and install retaining rings from shafts, rods, and spindles
They are made to use on retaining rings only
Can be internal, external, or convertible
Squeeze handle to open the ring
Extractor – used to remove a screw or tap below the surface of the work
Spiral screw extractor – easy-outs – reverse threaded to remove right handed threads – drill center of screw, insert easy-out, slowly turn until screw is removed
Tap extractor – made to remove taps, has four prongs that fit into the tap

13. Feeler gauge, dial indicator, bars
Feeler gauge – measures the clearance between parts
Dial indicator – measures machined parts for accuracy or surfaces of machinery
Has a graduated dial with an indicator hand and a contact point attached to a spring-loaded plunger
Bars – help move and align heavy equipment
Sleever and alignment bars are types of bars mechanics may use

14. Power tools – portable band saw and grinder
Portable band saws – cut pipe – use special procedure to cut pipe over 4 inches
Use coarse blades with fewer teeth on softer material – use fine blade with more teeth on harder material
Cutting 4 inch or larger pipe – do not cut straight through – cut around the pipe by stopping the saw and moving the pipe
Grinder – used for cleaning scale from pipe, beveling pipe ends, grinding away welding splatter
Make sure the grinder does not come off the work in your direction

15. grinder
End reach into small areas, angle 90 degree angle, vertical grinders
Use appropriate wheel for the job
The grinding wheel must be rated higher than the speed of the grinder

16. Pipe machines, portable power drives
Pipe vise – holds pipe that is being threaded
Pipe threading machines – center, hold, and rotate pipe, conduit, or bolt stock while cutting, reaming, and threading is being performed
Check the thread cutting oil before using the machine – fasten the threader securely because it produces a lot of torque
The machines have universal die heads that adjust for the pipe sizes
You should be able to hand turn a fitting 3 and ½ turns if the threading is done correctly
Portable power drive - Hand-held power unit that can be used to cut threads, drive hoists and winches, and operate large valves
An electric motor rotates a ring in the end if the tool