1. Digestion and Absorption of Proteins

2. Digestion of Protein Dietary proteins (from animal source or vegetable source) are very large complex molecules that cannot be absorbed from the intestine. To be absorbed, dietary proteins must be digested to small simple molecules (amino acids), which are easily absorbed from the intestine.

3. I Digestion in Mouth There are no proteolytic enzymes in mouth
I Digestion in Mouth There are no proteolytic enzymes in mouth. II Digestion in stomach Protein digestion begins in the stomach by gastric juice, which contains a number of proteolytic enzymes like:

4. • Pepsin • Rennin • Gastriscin • Gelatinase

5.   Pepsin *Its a proteinase, a nonspecific endopeptidase ,secreted in an inactive zymogen form called pepsinogen. *Its hydrolyzes protein molecule and produces proteoses and peptones.    

6. It is acting on peptide bond which connects the COOH group of an aromatic amino acids e.g. phenyl alanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. *Its optimum pH: *Its denatured if the pH is greater than 5.0 *It is activated by HCl then by auto activation.

7. Role of Gastric HCl
1-causes denaturation of proteins.
2-It converts proteins to metaproteins, which are easily digested.
3-It activates pepsinogen to pepsin.
4-It makes pH in the stomach suitable for the action of pepsin.

8. Rennin
* It is a milk-clotting enzyme.
* It is absent in adults and present in stomachs of infants and young animals.
* It is secreted as prorennin, which is activated in the stomach to form active rennin.
* Its optimum pH: 4
* It acts like pepsin on casein converting it to soluble paracasein, which in turn binds calcium ions forming insoluble calcium paracaseinate.

9. *Its secreted as an inactive zymogen which is activated by HCl.
Gastriscin
*Its secreted as an inactive zymogen which is activated by HCl.
* Its optimum pH: 3-4
Gelatinase
*It is an enzyme that hydrolyse gelatin.
The end products of protein digestion in the stomach are proteoses, peptones and large polypeptides.

10. III Digestion in Duodenum
Digestion of proteins is completed in the small intestine by proteolytic enzymes present in pancreatic and intestinal juices.
Trypsin
*It is an endopeptidase that hydrolyzes central peptide bond in which the carboxyl group belongs to basic amino acids e.g. arginine, lysine and histidine.
*It is secreted in an inactive form called trypsinogen.
*Its optimum pH: 7.9
*It is activated by enterokinase enzyme at pH 5.5 then by autoactivation at pH 7.9
* Ca++ is required for the activation.

12. Chymotrypsin
*It is an endopeptidase that hydrolyzes central peptide bond in which the carboxyl group belongs to aromatic amino acids.
*It is secreted in an inactive form called chymotrypsinogen.
*It is activated by trypsin,and completed by chymotrypsinogen, which acts autocatalytically.
* α-Chymotrypsin is the active form, optimum pH(7-8), it converts the proteoses, peptones and peptides to smaller peptides and amino acids.

14. *It is secreted in an inactive form called proelatase.
3-Elastase
*It is an endopeptidase acting on peptide bonds formed by neutral aliphatic a.a.
*It is secreted in an inactive form called proelatase.
*It is activated by trypsin.
*It digests elastin
*Its optimum pH: 8
4-Collagenase
* It digests collagen.

15. 5-Carboxypeptidase
*It is an exopeptidase that hydrolyzes the terminal (peripheral) peptide bond at the carboxyl terminus (end) of the polypeptide chain.
*Its two types carboxy peptidase A and B.
*It is secreted in an inactive form called procarboxy peptidase.
*It is activated by trypsin.
*Its optimum pH: 7.4

16. *Carboxypeptidases A and B cleave one amino acid at a time from the C-terminal end of peptide.
*Carboxypeptidase A:a metallo-enzyme contain Zn, it is an exopeptidase that cleaves aromatic amino acids from the C-terminal end of peptides.
*Carboxypeptidase B : is also an exopeptidase cleaves the basic amino acids, lysine and arginine, from the C- terminal end of peptides.

18. IV- Digestion in Small Intestine
Proteolytic enzymes present in intestinal juice are
Entrokinase
* Its a glycoprotein enzyme known as enteropeptidase.
*Its hydrolyzes a peptide bond to lysine residue in pancreatic trypsinogen and produced trypsin.
*Its require Ca++ for activation

19. *It releases a single amino acid * can't hydrolyze a dipeptide
Aminopeptidase
*It is an exopeptidase that acts on the terminal peptide bond at the amino terminus of the polypeptide chain.
*It releases a single amino acid
* can't hydrolyze a dipeptide
*it requires presence of Zn++,Mn++ and Mg++.

20.   
Prolidase
*Its an exopeptidase and can hydrolyze a proline peptide of collagen molecule, liberating a proline molecule.
Tri and Dipeptidase
* Tri-peptidase acts on tri-peptide and produces a di-peptide and free a. a.
*Di-peptidase hydrolyzes a di-peptide to produce two molecules of a. a.
* They requires the presence of Zn++, Mn++ and Co++ as cofactors for their activity.

22. Absorption of Amino Acids It is an active process that needs energy.
Energy needed is derived from hydrolysis of ATP.
It occurs in small intestine.
Absorption of amino acids is rapid in the duodenum and jejunum, but slow in the ileum.

23. Mechanisms of amino acids absorption
There are two mechanisms for amino acids absorption.
1- Carrier proteins transport system
2- Glutathione transport system (g-Glutamyl cycle)

24. •It is the main system for amino acid absorption.
 1- Carrier proteins transport system
•It is the main system for amino acid absorption.
• It is an active process that needs energy.
• The energy needed id derived from ATP.
• Absorption of one amino acid molecule needs one ATP molecule.
• There are 7 carrier proteins, one for each group of amino acids.
• Each carrier protein has to sites one for amino acid and one for Na+.
• It co-transports amino acid and Na+ from intestinal lumen to cytosol of intestinal mucosa cells.
• The absorbed amino acid passes to the portal circulation, while Na+ is extruded out of the cell in exchange with K+ by sodium pump.

26. Glutathione transport system (γ-Glutamyl cycle)
-Glutathione is used to transport amino acids from intestinal lumen to cytosol of intestinal mucosa cells.
-It is an active process that needs energy.
-The energy needed id derived from ATP.
-Absorption of one amino acid molecule needs 3 ATP molecules.
-Glutathione reacts with amino acid in the presence of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase to form
γ-glutamyl amino acid.

27. -γ-glutamyl amino acid releases amino acid in the cytosol of intestinal mucosa cells with formation of 5-oxoproline that is used for regeneration of glutathione to begin another turn of the cycle.

29. Oxoprolinuria
It is a disease caused by a defect in glutathione synthetase enzyme
It is characterized by accumulation of 5-oxoproline in blood and hence excreted in urine. It is associated with mental retardation.