1. Drugs, Shocking, and Surgery

2. Anti-Psychotics Treat schizophrenia Block activity of dopamine
Thorazine, Risperdal, Zyprexa, Abilify -- reduce hallucinations and delusions; side effects similar to Parkinson’s disease (caused by too little dopamine) – sluggishness, tremors, and twitches
Clozapine – helps to “awaken” those with negative symptoms such as apathy and withdrawal

3. Anti-Anxiety Valium, Xanax, Ativan
Depress central nervous system activity

4. Anti-Depressants Increase nor epinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine
Prozac (fluoxetine), Paxil, and Zoloft – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)
most widely prescribed psychiatric drugs
few side effects
MAOI’s – (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) – inhibit enzyme that breaks down serotonin and nor epinephrine
more side effects than SSRI’s
danger of drug interactions (look at the warnings on your cold medicine)
“Tricyclics” – increase levels of nor epinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
more side effects

5. Mood Stablizers Treat bipolar disorder
 Mood stabilizers work by manually interfering with specific receptors for some neurotransmitters, while promoting the increase in levels of others.
Example, lithium works by blocking dopamine receptors while increasing the levels of serotonin being produced.

6. ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)
Treats severe depression that is unresponsive to other treatments
patient is given general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to administration
accompanied by short term memory loss of experiences right before treatment, but no evidence of brain damage
Several theory on how it works

7. PSYCHOSURGERY
Removal or destruction of brain tissue; Treat bipolar disorder)
LOBOTOMY – cutting nerves connecting frontal lobe to limbic system; no longer used

8. REPETITIVE TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION (rTMS)
Passing a magnetic field over the scalp to treat depression
New, so not well studied, but limited research indicates it may work better than antidepressant drugs!