1. Honors New Mexico History
Colonial New Mexico

2. Native Americans Anasazi Emerged in 4 corners area after 300 AD
Primarily farmers
Very high degree of agriculture
Developed major settlements
Mesa Verde
Chaco Canyon
Abandoned settlements after 1200 AD
Major drought

3. Native Americans Pueblos Descendants of the Anasazi
Centered around the Rio Grande, but stretch as far west as central Arizona
8 major groups
Continued an agricultural way of life

4. Native Americans Navajos/Apaches Interrelated Moved into area by 1500
Settled in old Anasazi areas
Primarily hunters

5. European Exploration
Europeans began to explore for routes to reach Asia
Could travel overland
Blocked by Muslim empires
Trade routes were dominated by Italians
Portugal
Wanted to find an all water route to Asia
By 1498 sailed around Africa

6. Columbus Christopher Columbus Italian who sailed for Spain
Wanted to sail west to find an a route to Asia
Sailed west in 1492
Believed that the world was ½ its size
Instead of Asia, reached the Caribbean
Made 4 voyages
Claimed the land for Spain

7. Columbus Led to the Columbian Exchange
Exchange of products, ideas, peoples, animals, and disease between the Old World and New World

8. Columbian Exchange

9. New Spain: Conquistadors
Spanish Colonization
Centered on Hispaniola and Cuba
Moved into Mexico in 1519
Conquistadors
Hernán Cortés
Conquered Aztecs in 1520
Made alliances with Native Americans
Smallpox wiped out Aztecs

10. Spanish Conquest Aztecs 1520 Became center of New Spain
Spanish searched for gold and silver
Brought in Encomienda System
Land grants to Spanish settlers/soldiers
All land and inhabitants went to the Spanish
Became very cruel
Spanish gradually moved north from Central Mexico and then south

11. Incas Next major conquest was South America Francisco Pizarro
Went to Peru in search for gold
Made contact with Inca Empire
Used a civil war to conquer them
Held their emperor for ransom
Smallpox also swept through the population

12. Narváez Expedition Set out in 1528 to explore Florida
Ended up crossing to Florida, Gulf Coast, and then to Texas
Were shipwrecked
Of 600 men, only 80 survived the wreck
Within 2 years, only 4 were left alive
Spent years as captives of Indians before they escaped.
Made it back to New Spain by 1536

13. Survivors Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso del Castillo Maldonado
Andrés Dorantes de Carranza
his enslaved Moor Estevanico
He later served as a guide on the expedition of Fray Marcos de Niza in 1539.
Killed outside of Zuni in 1539

14. Coronado
De Niza’s expedition returned with stories of the Seven Cities of Gold
Led to expedition of Franciso Coronado in 1540
De Niza served as the guide
Encountered the Zunis at Hawikuh, just south of Zuni Pueblo
Later moved north into present day Arkansas
Between 1540 and 1598, there were 6 expeditions north

15. Juan de OŇate Led Spanish settlement of New Mexico 1550 (?) – 1626
Born in New Spain
In 1595 he was granted the right to colonize the northern frontier of New Spain
Crossed the Rio Grande near El Paso in April 1598
Moved north to the middle Rio Grande Valley

16. Spanish settlement First settlement was San Juan, near Espanola
Later moved across the river to San Gabriel
Became the first capital
Oňate was the first governor
Earned a reputation as a stern leader
Led expeditions to the Great Plains and the Colorado River

17. Spanish settlement Dealt with an uprising at Acoma Pueblo
Nephew was killed at Acoma in 1598
Led a retaliatory expedition in 1599
Killed 800 and enslaved 500
Chopped off one foot of all men over 25
Recalled to New Spain in 1606
Tried and found guilty of cruelty to Natives
Verdict was later overturned.

18. Royal Colony 1609 1610-1680 New Mexico made a royal colony
First Royal Governor was Pedro de Peralta
Moved the capital to Santa Fe in 1610
Major Spanish effort was to Christianize the Pueblos
Franciscan order also clashed with the state
Major issue was control of government

19. Pueblo Revolt
By 1680
Native culture and religion was suppressed
Pueblo men were forced to fight for the Spanish against the Navajo and Apache
Were also forced to give large amounts of food as tribute
Spanish tried to force Natives to their culture
Result was great dissatisfaction

20. popÉ Leader of Pueblo Revolt San Juan Pueblo Religious leader
Whipped and then imprisoned in 1675
Forced to move to Taos Pueblo
Planned revolt for 5 years

21. Pueblo Revolt Pueblos chased Spanish down to El Paso
Spanish attempted to retaliate in 1681, but failed
Re-conquest came in 1692
Led by Don Diego de Vargas

22. Spanish Colony 1692-1810 Royal colony Considered a backwater
New Mexico far from the rest of the world
Spanish did allow native religion to co-exist with Christianity