1. Communicating technology
Introducing the outlines
Guiding your audience: metalanguage
LC-1114 Communicating technology

2. Group work: introducing your outlines (1)
PRESENTER
Step1 Present to your small group. - the introduction as if you were talking to an audience. - the main points briefly, by naming them and simply stating what each of them is about, in a sentence or two.
- the conclusion in full, as you would speak it.
Pay attention to clarity of articulation, speed, intonation and emphasis.
Step 2 - Pause to get feedback from your group members on your introduction. - Write the ideas down so that you can consider them and improve your presentation accordingly.

3. Group work: introducing your outlines (1)
LISTENERS
Step 1 Listen to the introduction and the main topic areas presented by the speaker. As you listen, pay attention to the suggested features (1-6) and note down your comments.
Step 2 Give the presenter constructive feedback on his/her introduction and organization of main points using the suggested questions as your guide. If you cannot answer all the questions 1-6, point this out to the speaker. How could she/he improve?

4. Group work: introducing your outlines (1)
1) Did the introduction include all the essential elements? - Attention-capturing - Establishing credibility - Stating topic - Purpose - Previewing the content - previewing the first main point 2) What does the speaker want to achieve? 3) Did the speaker capture attention effectively? How to improve? 4) What has the topic to do with the attention capturing ideas? 5) Did the main points support the speaker purpose and thesis/claim sufficiently well? 6) Did the speaker return to the theme of the introduction to conclude the talk?

5. Communicating technology
Guiding your audience: metaladiscourse/transitions
LC-1114 Communicating technology

6. TRANSITIONS ARE…
...elements of metadiscourse that verbalise logical connections between ideas, facts and the elements of the talk, thus enhancing understanding.

7. TRANSITIONS…
are words, phrases, or sentences that connect the speech ideas together
are “verbal bridges” between ideas
alert the audience that a new point will be made
Let’s now… In conclusion, … To sum up,…
However,… Another reason is… I’d now like to…

8. TRANSITIONS ARE USED… after the introduction between each main point
within each main point
between slides
before the conclusion

9. TRANSITIONS Transitions between main points
When moving from one main point to another, full-sentence transitions are especially effective
Next, let's look at exactly what sales contests can do for us.

10. TRANSITIONS Transitions between subpoints
Adjectives, like ‘another’ and ‘other’
enumeration, such as First, Second, third,
superordinate terms in guiding your audience between points.
Another way that sales competitions will benefit us is by their relative cost effectiveness.

11. TRANSITIONS Transitions between subpoints
Adjectives, like ‘another’ and ‘other’
enumeration, such as First, Second, third,
superordinate terms in guiding your audience between points.
A second reason why sales competitions will benefit us is their relative cost effectiveness.

12. TRANSITIONS Transitions between subpoints
In addition to…
In addition to costing less than a loss in revenues, sales contests are less expensive than training new people.
The conjunction ‘in addition to’ is particularly effective here, since it uses ‘old’ information already discussed to introduce ‘new’ information, the next point

13. lorries cars bicycles trams ships
Superordinate terms
'Umbrella' terms that can stand for an entire class or category of things.
VEHICLES
(superordinate)
lorries cars bicycles trams ships
Typical superordinate terms:
Option
Alternative
Example
Criterion
Feature
Aspect
Benefit
Advantage
Drawback
Problem
Issue
Technique
Method
Strategy
Approach
Solution
Reason
Rationale
Consequence
Effect
Motivation
Phase
Stage
Step
Effect
Procedure

14. Superordinate terms NUMBER + [superordinate] + [list of items]
Today's computer-display manufacturers are limited by three factors. The first factor is… Another factor is…. And the third factor is…
[superordinate] + SUCH AS / INCLUDING + [examples]
The mobile lifestyle we know today would not be possible without vehicles such as automobiles, buses, trams, and aircraft.

15. Superordinate terms
So, let’s now take a look at the three advantages that our company can gain by sponsoring sales contests.
The first advantage is that competition will motivate…
The second advantage of choosing a contest instead of … is that…
The most important reason is that…
In addition to being cheaper than the other options, a third advantage of sales contests is that…
Another reason is that…

16. Techniques for creating transitions 1. Restate-forecast
Restates the point just covered and previews the point to be covered next
Now that we've established a need for sales contests (restatement), let's now take a look at what sales contests can do for us (forecast).
Now that we've established a need for sales contests (restatement),
Now that I've shown you that "junk" is the appropriate word to describe junk bonds, we will turn to an analysis of three secure financial instruments: bank certificates of deposit, Treasury bonds, and high quality corporate paper.
Now that I've shown you that "junk" is the appropriate word to describe junk bonds,

17. Techniques for creating transitions 2. Rhetorical questions
Rhetorical questions are effective, because the audience wants to see if you agree with their answer.
Will contests be too expensive? Well, actually they won’t because...
How do the costs of contests stack up against the expense of training new people? Well, if you take a look at the following graph…

18. Techniques for creating transitions 3. Internal previews
Internal previews are frequently used in the body of the speech to outline in advance the details of a main point.
Now, I’d like to talk about the orientation you can expect to receive during your first few days on the job including a tour of the plant, a one-on-one meeting with your supervisor, and a second meeting with the personnel director, who will explain the benefits and responsibilities of working for our corporation.
Victoria Woodhull was a pioneer in many respects. Not only was she the first woman to run her own brokerage firm, she was also the first to run for the presidency of the United States, though few people know this. Let's see how she accomplished these feats.

19. Techniques for creating transitions 4. Internal summaries
Internal summaries draw together important ideas before proceeding to another speech point. They help remind listeners where they have been.
It should be clear now that the kind of violence we've witnessed in the schools and in our communities has a deeper root cause than the availability of handguns. Our young children are crying out for a sense of community, of relatedness and meaning, that they just aren't finding in the institutions that are meant to serve them.

20. In sum,… Use transitions to move
from intro to the first main point
between main points
between subpoints
between slides
from last main point to the conclusion
Use a variety of techniques to create transitions
Restate-forecast
Internal previews
Internal summaries
Rhetorical questions
Superordinate terms

21. Transition hunt: telesurgery
Listen to/read a presentation on telesurgery
Mark where you would add metalanguage (transitions) to guide the audience main points?
- subpoints?
In groups, compare your notes and suggest improvements.
Did you mark the same places?
What would you say instead to indicate the transitions?

22. Transition hunt: telesurgery
Listen to one version with improved metalanguage.

23. Assignment 5: Outline
Add the transitions to the places indicated in the outline template.
- use the outline template check also the example outline
A5 should now include:
General info (first section)
Introduction (in full language)
Transitions
Main points (as headings + possible subpoints)
Conclusion (in full, as you would speak it)
SUBMIT TO MYCOURSES!

24. Time for a break!
LC-1114 Communicating technology