1. Section 4: The French and Indian War

2. Braddock’s March to Duquesne
June, 1755 – General Braddock led 1,400 British soldiers and colonial militia to capture Fort Duquesne
Washington warned Braddock that his military style was slow and inflexible, leaving his soldiers easy targets
Braddock ignored him
What happened to Braddock?

4. Defeat and the Great Confusion
July 9, 1755 – French and Native American forces attacked from behind trees and fired at the redcoats
Braddock ordered an orderly retreat, but there was chaos and Braddock (see previous slide) was killed
Washington led survivors back to VA

5. French and Indian War (1754-1763)

6. Seven Years’ War ( )
French and Indian War helped to trigger it
Begun by French invasion of British island of Minorca
Britain secured an alliance with Prussia
Great Britain declared war in 1756

8. What’s Prussia?
One of the most powerful German states of the former Holy Roman Empire

9. A Bad Start Several British forts were captured
Native Americans raided frontier farms from northern NY to PA, killing settlers, burning crops, scaring away others
French captured British forts along Great Lakes (Fort Oswego, Fort William Henry)

10. William Pitt Secretary of State, then Prime Minister
Picked skilled commanders
Plan – Britain would pay for supplies rather than waiting for colonial legislatures to argue and decide
Pros
Cons
More efficient
MASSIVE DEBT

11. On to Canada! Pitt planned to take over French Canada
Send troops under command of Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe

12. Louisbourg and Duquesne
1758 – Amherst and Wolfe attacked and recaptured Louisbourg
New Englanders led by British captured Fort Frontenac at Lake Ontario
British captured Fort Duquesne and renamed Fort Pitt

13. Victory after Victory – The Year of Miracles
1759 – full of British victories
Capture of French islands in West Indies (e.g. Guadalupe)
Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
Capture of Havana, Cuba (from Spain)
Capture of French territory in India
Destroyed French fleet sent to Canada
Stole France’s lunch money

14. Battle of Quebec Quebec – capital of New France
On a cliff over the St. Lawrence River
James Wolfe’s scout found a poorly guarded path up the back of the cliff

15. Plains of Abraham
British troops assembled outside the fortress on the Plains of Abraham, surprising and defeating the French.
James Wolfe died

16. Treaty of Paris (1763) Great Britain gained: Spain gained:
Rest of Canada
All French Louisiana territory up to the Mississippi River
Spanish Florida
Spain gained:
All French Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi River
France kept:
Haiti
Some Caribbean islands lost during the war

17. French and Indian War – Before and After

18. Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763)
Ended the Seven Years War in Europe
Fighting stopped among Prussia, Austria, and Saxony

19. French and Indian War Synopsis

20. Pontiac’s War
Pontiac – Ottawa village chief – worried about British settlers
1763 – tried to bring the Native Americans together in an alliance
Attacked Fort Detroit, captured most British outposts around Great Lakes
Killed VA and PA frontier settlers

21. Pontiac’s Defeat
Pontiac failed to capture Forts Niagara, Pitt, and Detroit
Pontiac’s allies, the Shawnee and Delaware, were defeated
1766 – Pontiac signed a peace treaty and the British pardoned him

22. Proclamation of 1763
The British had massive debt and wanted to avoid further warfare with the Native Americans
King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763 – no colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains
Some speculators had already bought land west of the mountains

23. Debt Great Britain’s national debt DOUBLED from £75-£133 million
Where was Britain going
to get the money from?

24. French and Indian War Song

25. Section 4 Assessment
1) Use the terms alliance and speculator in a short paragraph to explain their meaning.
- Student work should reflect correct use of terms.
2) Name the three nations that were involved in the Seven Years’ War.
- Britain, France, and Spain
3) How did Pontiac plan to defend Native Americans from British settlers?
- He wanted to join Native American groups together to fight.
Was his plan successful?
- He put together a successful alliance of Native American peoples.

26. Other Strategies and Tactics
Section 4 Assessment
4) What did the British hope to gain by issuing the Proclamation of 1763? - They hoped to stop the fighting between colonists and Native Americans. 5) What actions do you think General Braddock could have taken to increase his army’s chances of defeating the French? Re-create the diagram below to organize your answer. 6) Study the map of the French and Indian War on page 123. What was the result of the battle at Fort Duquesne? - French victory What route did British General Wolfe take to reach Quebec? - Southwest from the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Other Strategies and Tactics
Adapted fighting style to American landscape
Not halting the troop movement to clear land and build bridges
Supplied troops with appropriate clothing