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Section 4: The French and Indian War
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Braddock’s March to Duquesne
June, 1755 – General Braddock led 1,400 British soldiers and colonial militia to capture Fort Duquesne Washington warned Braddock that his military style was slow and inflexible, leaving his soldiers easy targets Braddock ignored him What happened to Braddock?
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Defeat and the Great Confusion
July 9, 1755 – French and Native American forces attacked from behind trees and fired at the redcoats Braddock ordered an orderly retreat, but there was chaos and Braddock (see previous slide) was killed Washington led survivors back to VA
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French and Indian War (1754-1763)
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Seven Years’ War ( ) French and Indian War helped to trigger it Begun by French invasion of British island of Minorca Britain secured an alliance with Prussia Great Britain declared war in 1756
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What’s Prussia? One of the most powerful German states of the former Holy Roman Empire
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A Bad Start Several British forts were captured
Native Americans raided frontier farms from northern NY to PA, killing settlers, burning crops, scaring away others French captured British forts along Great Lakes (Fort Oswego, Fort William Henry)
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William Pitt Secretary of State, then Prime Minister
Picked skilled commanders Plan – Britain would pay for supplies rather than waiting for colonial legislatures to argue and decide Pros Cons More efficient MASSIVE DEBT
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On to Canada! Pitt planned to take over French Canada
Send troops under command of Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe
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Louisbourg and Duquesne
1758 – Amherst and Wolfe attacked and recaptured Louisbourg New Englanders led by British captured Fort Frontenac at Lake Ontario British captured Fort Duquesne and renamed Fort Pitt
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Victory after Victory – The Year of Miracles
1759 – full of British victories Capture of French islands in West Indies (e.g. Guadalupe) Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Capture of Havana, Cuba (from Spain) Capture of French territory in India Destroyed French fleet sent to Canada Stole France’s lunch money
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Battle of Quebec Quebec – capital of New France
On a cliff over the St. Lawrence River James Wolfe’s scout found a poorly guarded path up the back of the cliff
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Plains of Abraham British troops assembled outside the fortress on the Plains of Abraham, surprising and defeating the French. James Wolfe died
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Treaty of Paris (1763) Great Britain gained: Spain gained:
Rest of Canada All French Louisiana territory up to the Mississippi River Spanish Florida Spain gained: All French Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi River France kept: Haiti Some Caribbean islands lost during the war
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French and Indian War – Before and After
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Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763)
Ended the Seven Years War in Europe Fighting stopped among Prussia, Austria, and Saxony
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French and Indian War Synopsis
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Pontiac’s War Pontiac – Ottawa village chief – worried about British settlers 1763 – tried to bring the Native Americans together in an alliance Attacked Fort Detroit, captured most British outposts around Great Lakes Killed VA and PA frontier settlers
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Pontiac’s Defeat Pontiac failed to capture Forts Niagara, Pitt, and Detroit Pontiac’s allies, the Shawnee and Delaware, were defeated 1766 – Pontiac signed a peace treaty and the British pardoned him
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Proclamation of 1763 The British had massive debt and wanted to avoid further warfare with the Native Americans King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763 – no colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains Some speculators had already bought land west of the mountains
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Debt Great Britain’s national debt DOUBLED from £75-£133 million
Where was Britain going to get the money from?
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French and Indian War Song
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Section 4 Assessment 1) Use the terms alliance and speculator in a short paragraph to explain their meaning. - Student work should reflect correct use of terms. 2) Name the three nations that were involved in the Seven Years’ War. - Britain, France, and Spain 3) How did Pontiac plan to defend Native Americans from British settlers? - He wanted to join Native American groups together to fight. Was his plan successful? - He put together a successful alliance of Native American peoples.
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Other Strategies and Tactics
Section 4 Assessment 4) What did the British hope to gain by issuing the Proclamation of 1763? - They hoped to stop the fighting between colonists and Native Americans. 5) What actions do you think General Braddock could have taken to increase his army’s chances of defeating the French? Re-create the diagram below to organize your answer. 6) Study the map of the French and Indian War on page 123. What was the result of the battle at Fort Duquesne? - French victory What route did British General Wolfe take to reach Quebec? - Southwest from the Gulf of St. Lawrence Other Strategies and Tactics Adapted fighting style to American landscape Not halting the troop movement to clear land and build bridges Supplied troops with appropriate clothing
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