1. Theme № 14. Conclusion The plan: 1. Essence of conclusion.
2. Direct conclusion.
3. The mediated conclusion.

2. As conclusion is called such reception of thinking by means of which we from some initial knowledge receive new, inference knowledge.
The conclusion structure includes three basic components: parcels, the conclusion and the relation between parcels and the conclusion which is called as the following relation.

3. The conclusion
Parcel
Conclusion structure
The following relation

4. As parcels are called initial judgments from which the new judgment is deduced.
As the conclusion is called the new judgment received logic by from parcels.
As the following relation is called communication between parcels and the conclusion thanks to which there is a formation of new knowledge.

5. Conclusions Direct (conclusion of mind)
The conclusion becomes from several parcels
Conclusions
Mediated (conclusions of reason of ability of judgment)
There is a deducing of one judgment from another without посредствующего judgments

6. The moments of direct conclusions
2. Concerning quality
1. Concerning quantity
The moments of direct conclusions
3.с the points of view of the relation of judgments
4. Concerning a modality

7. 1. Direct conclusions (concerning quantity of judgments).
In conclusion concerning quantity of judgments the parcel and a conclusion are various on - to quantity. The private judgment is deduced here from the general according to a rule: the conclusion from the general to the particular is valid.

8. subcontrar
contrar
2. Direct conclusions
(Concerning quality of judgments).
contradiktor

9. А.В direct conclusions by means of the judgments opposite each other contradiktornoly , the validity of one judgment follows from falseness another and on the contrary. As a conclusion rule the law excluded the third serves.
B. Kontrarn (opposite), judgments is pair of the judgments, one of which – all affirmative, and another - all negatively Both of them cannot be true, but there can be both false. Therefore at such judgments it is possible to conclude only from the validity of one to falseness another, but not on the contrary.

10. As Subkontrar (a nasty) judgments are called such, one of which partially confirms or denies that partially denies or confirms another. Subkontrar judgments can be both true, but there can not be both false. Concerning them the following conclusion is valid: if one of these positions false another is true, but not on the contrary.

11. 3. Direct conclusions (from the point of view of the relation of judgments).
Direct conclusion from the point of view of the relation of judgments (reference) is called a conclusion of such new judgment which subject is the predicate, and as a predicate - the subject of initial judgment.
Natural character of conclusions by means of the reference is defined by that circumstance, that in any judgment the knowledge not only of subjects, conceivable in the subject, but also about subjects, conceivable in a predicate contains.

12. 4. Direct conclusions (concerning a modality of judgments).
Direct conclusions concerning a modality of judgments (transformation) is called a conclusion of such new judgment which is equivalent initial, but is opposite to it on quality.
Formulas:
A. All S is P Е. Any S is-P
Е. S not is P А. All S is not-P
I. Some S are P О. Some S are P
О. Some S not is P I. Some S are not P

13. Syllogism - the mediated conclusion consisting of two parcels and the conclusion.
The concepts entering into a syllogism, are called as terms. In each syllogism is available three terms. The term which is the subject of the conclusion, is called as the smaller term, and it can be designated letter S. The term which is a predicate of the conclusion, is called as the big term, and it can be designated Р. Biggest letter and smaller terms are called as extreme terms. The term which is entering into both parcels and absent in the conclusion, is called as the average term and is designated by the M. letter

14. Each syllogism possesses following components:
1. The general rule named the big parcel and including the big term.
2. The position bringing known knowledge under a condition of the general rule, named a smaller parcel and including the smaller term;
3. The position confirming or denying concerning brought knowledge a predicate of a rule - a conclusion or the conclusion.

15. Syllogism axiom.
Principle on which possibility and the syllogism validity the following is under construction: that belongs to a thing sign belongs also to the thing; also that contradicts a thing sign contradicts also to the thing; also that contradicts a thing sign contradicts also to the thing.
Otherwise a syllogism axiom formulate: that belongs or contradicts a sort or a kind belongs or contradicts also to all objects containing under it come or a kind.

16. Syllogism rules.
1. In each syllogism should be three terms.
2. On the average the term should be distributed at least in one of parcels.
3. The term which has been not distributed in parcels, cannot be distributed in the conclusion.
4. Parcels cannot be both private.
5. Parcels cannot be both negative.
6. It is impossible to make of two affirmative parcels of the negative conclusion.
7. The conclusion always corresponds to weaker part of the conclusion, i.e. negative and private position in parcels.

17. Figures of a syllogism and them moduses.
On the location of the average term distinguish four figures of a syllogism:
In the first figure the average term is the subject in biggest to a parcel and a predicate in smaller.
In the second figure the average term is a predicate in both parcels.
In the third figure the average term is the subject in both parcels.
In the fourth figure of average the term is a predicate in biggest and the subject in a smaller parcel.