1. Date of download: 12/31/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater
J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2013;135(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Rational activity coefficient for NaCl in H2O evaluated using Debye-Hückel theory for electrolyte solutions and using experimental data. Dots are data from Ref. [18].

2. Date of download: 12/31/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater
J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2013;135(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
H2O data for NaCl solution. Dots are data from Ref. [18]. Solid lines are curve fits.

3. Date of download: 12/31/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater
J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2013;135(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
A control volume representation of a desalination system is used to derive the least work of separation

4. Date of download: 12/31/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater
J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2013;135(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Least work of separation for an NaCl solution (Eq. (46)) in which activity and fugacity coefficients are evaluated using data from Ref. [18]

5. Date of download: 12/31/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater
J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2013;135(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Ideal part of the least work of separation for an NaCl solution [Eq. (48)]

6. Date of download: 12/31/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater
J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2013;135(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
The nonideal part of the least work of separation for an NaCl solution [Eq. (49)] only becomes significant at high feed salinities and high recovery ratios. Activity and fugacity coefficients are evaluated using data from Ref. [18].

7. Date of download: 12/31/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater
J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2013;135(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Relative error between the ideal solution and actual values of least work of separation is large when salinity is either very low or very high

8. Date of download: 12/31/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater
J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2013;135(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Relative error when only NaCl is approximated as ideal goes to zero when the activity coefficients of salt in the feed and brine are equal

9. Date of download: 12/31/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater
J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2013;135(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Relative error when only H2O is approximated as ideal goes to zero when the fugacity coefficients of all the streams cancel

10. Date of download: 12/31/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater
J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2013;135(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
The Debye-Hückel limiting law introduces significant error for all but the lowest feed salinities

11. Date of download: 12/31/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater
J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2013;135(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
The Güntelberg equation is accurate for low salinities, but even for seawater salinities, the relative error is at least 10%

12. Date of download: 12/31/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater
J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2013;135(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
The Davies equation accurately evaluates the salt nonidealities and results in minimal error except at very high salinities

13. Date of download: 12/31/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater
J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2013;135(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
The least work of separation for an NaCl solution is greater than the least work of separation for an aqueous solution with seawater composition