1. The Reformation
SOL WHII.3

2. Focus – Identify 1. German metalworker; invented printing press.
2. Began the Anglican Church; defeated Spanish Armada in 1588
3. French lawyer who expanded Protestant Reformation and argued for predestination.
4. German monk who protested the sale of indulgences and posted 95 theses in 1517.
5. English king who broke with the Catholic Church in order to divorce his wife.
6. Christian humanist; wrote The Praise of Folly.

3. Effects of the Reformation
1. How did the Reformation affect individual countries?
England? – Review
France?
Germany – Again
2. How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation, and how effective?
3. What were the overall effects on society, politics, and the economy?

4. Reformation in France
Calvinism gains a following amongst the wealthy French nobles (Huguenots)
Remember – Calvin was French; actively tried to spread
Monarchy and most of common people remain Catholic
Initial tolerance up till 1547 until Protestants started denouncing Catholic Mass in placards
Civil wars 1550s and 1560s

5. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572
Takes place 5 days after king’s sister’s marriage to Henry of Navarre (Protestant future king)
All the Huguenots were gathered in Paris…
Failed assassination of prominent Protestant noble fears of Huguenot revenge
Assassination of prominent nobles
Catholic mob violence: 5,000 to 30,000 killed
Monarchy didn’t order, but failed to stop
Turning point in France – cripples further Huguenot gains, but turns Protestants further away from Catholicism

9. Edict of Nantes 1598 – Henry IV granted Huguenots freedom of worship
Same Henry who’s marriage massacre
Closet Protestant “Paris is worth a mass”
Later revoked by Henry’s grandson, Louis XIV in 1685 – expulsion of up to 400,000 Huguenots
Some came to America seeking religious freedom

10. The Thirty Years War: Background
North: Princes had converted to Protestantism, ending papal authority in their states
Hapsburg family remained Catholic
Ruled Spain AND the Holy Roman Empire
1618 – attempt to reestablish Catholicism Protestant rebellion

11. The Thirty Years War: The Sides
Holy Roman Empire (Catholic and Habsburg) v. Protestant princes + anti-Catholic powers of Sweden and the United Netherlands
Parallel struggle between Catholic France and Habsburg family, who had been attempting to construct an anti-French alliance

12. Cardinal Richelieu
Chief advisor to Louis XIII, but he really ran the show (considered first Prime Minister)
Despite being a Catholic clergyman and anti-Protestant at home, he saw Hapsburgs as bigger threat
Changed focus of 30 Years War from religious to political

13. The bottom line…
What started out religious quickly became a political great power struggle
Very complicated web of competing interests

14. Harsh Treatment Germany suffered
Many of the contending armies were mercenaries who could not collect their pay
Took from the countryside for supplies (“wolf-strategy”)
Armies of both sides plundered as they marched, leaving cities, towns, villages, and farms ravaged.

15. Marauding Soldiers during 30 Years War

16. Results Peace of Westphalia in 1648
Radically altered balance of power in Europe
Spain lost the Netherlands and dominant position in western Europe
France was now the chief Western power
Protestant Sweden had control of the Baltic
The United Netherlands was recognized as an independent republic.
Member states of the HRE granted full sovereignty

17. Big Picture Protestant Reformation here to stay
“The ancient notion of a Roman Catholic empire of Europe, headed spiritually by a pope and temporally by an emperor, was permanently abandoned, and the essential structure of modern Europe as a community of sovereign states was established.”
Encyclopedia Britannica

18. Europe after the 30 Years War

19. Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)
Council of Trent, 1545—1563
Met to address Protestant Reformation and clarify Church doctrine
reaffirmed most Church Doctrine (salvation by faith and works) and practices
End sale of indulgences
Establish seminaries for priests

20. Society of Jesus “Jesuits” Founder: St. Ignatius of Loyola
Slowed spread of Reformation and reclaimed some places (Poland)
Spread Catholic doctrine around the world
Japan, China, Americas
Model of education
Organized along military lines – obedience and discipline

21. Spanish Inquisition 1478- 1834 Trial of those accused of heresy
originally to ensure faith of converts from Judaism and Islam after Reconquista
125,000 investigated
2,250 executed (1.8%)
90% of sentences were penances

22. Role of the printing press
Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press.
Bible printed in English, French, and German
spread ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance

23. Long-term Effects Individualism Secularism Eventual Tolerance
Decline in authority gives individual more autonomy
Loss of community responsibility
Will eventually facilitate industrial capitalism
Secularism
Declining importance of religion, and more diversity, so separate from other areas of life
Eventual Tolerance
After 150 years of bloodshed, Catholics and Protestants got tired of fighting each other, “live and let live”
Also a result of growing secularism (religion matters less, thus so do religious differences)

24. Effects of the Reformation
1. How did the Reformation affect individual countries?
England (review)?
Germany?
France?
2. How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation, and how effective?
3. What were the overall effects on society, politics, and the economy?