1. Animal tissues and Organ systems
Chapter 28

2. How are animal bodies organized?
Vertebrate: an animal of a large group distinguished by the possession of a _____________ or _______________, including mammals, birds, ___________, amphibians, and fishes
The plural of fish is usually fish, but fishes has a few uses. In biology, for instance, fishes is used to refer to multiple species of fish.

3. Levels of organization
A Cell
(muscle cells)
B _________ (cardiac muscle)
C ______ (heart)
D _______________ (circulatory system)
E Organism (human)

4. Terminology: Organ: 2/more tissues, ______________________
Organ system: 2/more ___________ and other components perform a ______________

5. Levels of organization
Cells are organized into __________.
4 types of tissue:
Epithelial tissue: _______________________________ ____________________________________
Connective tissue: _____________________________ _____________________________________
Muscle tissue: _________________________________
Nervous tissue: _______________________________ _________________________________

6. An internal environment
An animal body consists mainly of ______ with dissolved salts, proteins, and other solutes.
Most of this fluid resides inside cells (_______________________________: ICF)
The rest is __________________(ECF): internal environment in which body cells live
In vertebrates, extracellular fluid consists mainly of
interstitial fluid (IF), __________________________
Plasma, ______________________________

7. What factors constrain animal body plans?
Size: nutrients need to reach every cell – _________________________
Habitat (water/land) – _______________________________
Body framework – ________________________________

8. What is epithelial tissue

9. General characteristics
Epithelial tissue: sheet like tissue consisting of tightly packed cells
One surface of an epithelium faces the environment or some body fluid
The opposite surface is glued to an underlying tissue by a ___________________________
_______________________________________________
Tight junctions join plasma membranes of adjacent cells __________________________________________

10. Types of epithelial tissue

11. Types of epithelial tissue
Different types of epithelia differ in thickness and cell shapes
A simple epithelium is one cell thick, whereas stratified epithelium has multiple cell layers
Cells in squamous epithelium are ___________or scale like
Cells of cuboidal epithelium are ___________________
Cells in columnar epithelium are _____________
Cells of cuboidal and columnar epithelium function in _____________and ________________
Microvilli: thin projections from the plasma membrane of some epithelial cells; _____________________________

12. What are connective tissues?

13. General characteristics
Connective tissues: consist of cells scattered within an extracellular matrix of their own secretions
Unspecialized connective tissue: __________________
Specialized connective tissue: ____________________ ____________________________________________

14. Types of connective tissue

15. What are muscle tissues?
Cells that contract (shorten) in response to stimulation

16. Skeletal muscle
________________________________________

17. Cardiac muscle
Signals make all cells in cardiac muscle contract _____________________________

18. Smooth muscle Contracts more slowly, ________________________
Propels material through _________
Alters blood vessel ________________
Adjust amount of light entering the ________

19. What are nervous tissues?

20. Nervous tissue
Allows an animal to collect and integrate information about its internal and external environment
Controls the activity of glands and muscles
Main tissue of the vertebrate brain and spinal cord, and of the nerves that extend through the body

21. signal-receiving
extensions
Neurons
cell body
of neuron
Cells that transmit electrical signals along their plasma membrane and send chemical messages to other cells
Central cell body: ____________________ ____________________
Cytoplasmic extensions project from the cell body; ______________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
signal-sending
extension
neuroglial cell
wrapped around
a signal-sending
cytoplasmic
extension of
the neuron

22. Where are vertebrate organs and how do they interact?

23. Organs and organ systems

24. Organs and organ systems

25. Organs and organ systems

26. Organs and organ systems
Cavity: ________________ ______________________ _____________________

27. How does skin structure affects its function?
_________________________________
Barrier between _______& _______environment
Sensory receptors in skin informs brain of ________________________
Functions in ____________control
Site of _____________ production
Helps prevent _________________

28. Components of human skin

29. Components of human skin
Epidermis:
stratified squamous epithelium with an abundance of adhering junctions
Human epidermis consists mainly of keratinocytes that make the ________________protein ____________
Skin grows ____________________________
Outermost layer is dead cells that help ______________________________________
Deepest layer contains melanocytes: makes melanin which ____________________________
Two types: brown – ___________& red to ____________

30. Components of human skin
Dermis:
Consists primarily of dense connective tissue with stretch-resistant elastin fibers and supportive collagen fibers
Blood vessels, lymph vessels, and sensory receptors weave through the dermis
Thicker than epidermis
Hypodermis:
___________________and ___________________tissue

31. Sun and the skin Melanin protects the skin against ___________
____________make more brown-black melanin when exposed to sun (“tan”)
Some UV exposure is a good thing; it stimulates skin to produce a molecule that the body converts to ___________________
Dark skin provides more ____________________
Melanoma (skin cancer): _____________________ _________________________________________

32. Cultured skin products
Skin is the only organ that is grown artificially for widespread medical uses
Cells from infant foreskins are grown in culture to produce thin sheets of cells that can be used to cover _________, _____________, or ______________
Cultured skin does not include __________, ________________, __________________etc.

33. How do organ systems interact in homeostasis?

34. Homeostasis
_________________________________________ _________________________________________
In vertebrates, homeostasis involves interactions among sensory receptors, the brain, and muscles and glands
Sensory receptor: responds to a specific ____________ (e.g., temperature or light)
Negative feedback mechanism: change causes a response that _______________________