1. Cardiovascular Disorders
Instructor – Cindy Quisenberry

2. Anemia Inadequate number of erythrocytes or hemoglobin Symptoms
Pallor, paleness
Fatigue
Dyspnea
Tachycardia
Chest pain

3. Types of Anemia
Iron Deficiency – Caused by not enough iron in the body
Pernicious – lack of absorption of Vitamin B12
Aplastic – the body’s bone marrow does not make enough new blood cells
Sickle Cell – RBC’s are shaped like a crescent (inherited – have inherited 2 genes from their parents)

4. Normal RBC’s

5. CBC RBC’s Male: 4.7-6.1 million cells/mcL
Female: million cells/mcL
WBC’s
5,000-10,000 million cells/mcL
Hematocrit (Hct)
Male: %
Female: %
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Male: gm/dL
Female: gm/dL

6. Pernicious Anemia
The body cannot make enough healthy red blood cells because it doesn’t have enough vitamin B12.
B12 is a nutrient found in some foods.
People who have pernicious anemia can’t absorb enough B12 from food, because they lack intrinsic factor, a protein made in the stomach.

7. Pernicious Anemia
Other conditions and factors that can also cause vitamin B12 deficiency include:
Infections
Surgery
Medicines
Diet

8. Foods High in B12 1) Beef liver 2) Mackerel 3) Beef 4) Tuna
5) Swiss cheese
6) Cottage cheese
7) Lamb
8) Milk
9) Yogurt
10) Oysters
11) Sardines
12) Clams

9. Pernicious Anemia
Teardrop (dacrocytes) cells are found in pernicious anemia, thalassemia, and some hemolytic anemias.

10. Sickle Cell Anemia
Target cells are also known as codocytes. They resemble a bull’s eye. These cells are indicative of an anemia state.

11. Sickle Cell Anemia

12. Sickle Cell Anemia

13. Aneurysm Ballooning out or saclike formation on the wall of an artery
Causes
Disease
Congenital defects
Injuries
Weakening in the structure of the wall of the artery

14. Aneurysm Symptoms Pain Pressure Common Sites Cerebral Aorta Abdominal
Rupture
Hemorrhage
Death

15. Aneurysm

16. Aneurysm Treatment Surgical removal of damaged area
Replacement with plastic graft or another blood vessel

17. Aneurysm

18. Ascending Aorta Aneurysm Repair

19. Arteriosclerosis Hardening or thickening of the walls of the arteries
Loss of elasticity
Commonly occurs as a result of aging
Causes
Hypertension
May lead to aneurysm or cerebral hemorrhage

20. Arteriosclerosis

21. PAD/PVD Peripheral Artery Disease/ Peripheral Vascular Disease
A condition of the blood vessels that leads to narrowing and hardening of the arteries that supplies the legs and feet.
The narrowing of the blood vessels leads to decrease blood flow, which can injure nerves and other tissues.

22. CAD Coronary Artery Disease
Also known as, ASHD- Atherosclerotic Heart Disease
A result of the accumulation of plaques on the walls of the coronary arteries (fat, cholesterol, calcium, etc)
Blocks or reduces the flow of blood to the heart muscle (myocardium)
Can cause a heart attack (myocardial infarction)

23. Myocardial Infarction
Occurs when blood flow is blocked to the heart muscle causing ischemia (lack of O2) and cell death or damage; death can occur
Symptoms can include:
Pressure
Pain (Angina) – severe crushing
Radiates to the left arm, jaw, or neck
Diaphoresis (cold, clammy skin)
Nausea
Change in BP
Dyspnea

24. Myocardial Infarction
CPR
EARLY TREATMENT
Complete bedrest
Pain meds and anticoagulants
Thrombolytics (given as early as possible, within 12 hours of onset with ST-elevation)
O2 Therapy
Treatment of arrhythmias

25. Embolus Foreign substance circulating in the bloodstream Blood clot
Air
Fat globule

26. Ejection Fraction (EF)
The amount of blood pumped (ejected) by your heart with each beat
Measured with an echocardiogram
Normal EF is 50% or greater, which means at least one-half of the blood in the heart is ejected with each beat
A low ejection fraction increases the risk for heart failure or sudden cardiac arrest

27. Congestive Heart Failure
Heart muscles do not beat adequately to supply blood needs of the body
May involve either right or left side of the heart (or both)

28. Congestive Heart Failure
Treatment
Cardiac drugs and diuretics
Elastic support hose to improve venous return (circulation)
Oxygen therapy and bedrest
Low sodium diet

29. Healthy Blood Pressure
AHA recommendation
Systolic is < 120
Diastolic is < 80
Prehypertensive - systolic is or diastolic is 80-89

30. Blood Pressures Systolic Pressure - 120-139 mmHg
Prehypertension
Systolic Pressure mmHg
Diastolic Pressure mmHg
HTN Stage 1
Systolic Pressure mmHg
Diastolic Pressure mmHg
HTN Stage 2
Systolic Pressure > 160
Diastolic Pressure > 100

31. Hypertension Treatment Antihypertensive drugs
Diuretics to remove retained body fluids
Decreased stress and avoiding use of tobacco
Low sodium diet

32. Hypotension Low blood pressure Systolic pressure is < 100 mmHg and
Diastolic is < 60 mmHg
Causes:
Heart failure
Hemorrhage
Dehydration
Depression
Severe Burns
Shock
Drugs
Lack of rest or sleep

33. Orthostatic Hypotension
Postural Hypotension – occurs when there is a sudden drop in both systolic and diastolic pressure
This occurs when the individual moves from a lying to a sitting or standing position
Caused by an inability of the blood vessels to compensate quickly to the change in position

34. Thrombophlebitis
Thrombophlebitis – occurs when a blood clot blocks one or more of your veins, typically in your legs. Rarely, thrombophlebitis (sometimes called phlebitis) can affect veins in your arms or neck.
The affected vein may be near the surface of your skin, causing superficial thrombophlebitis, or deep within a muscle, causing deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

35. Thrombophlebitis Caused by: Trauma (injury to the vein)
Surgery or prolonged inactivity
Inherited blood disorder
Superficial thrombophlebitis may occur in people with varicose veins.

36. Thrombophlebitis Risk Factors:
Immobility (ie: prolonged hospitalization, fractures, stroke, sitting in an airplane or car, etc.)
Pacemaker
Pregnancy, BCP’s
Family history
Disorders (ie: atrial fibrillation)

37. Thrombophlebitis Superficial thrombophlebitis symptoms include: Warmth
Tenderness
Pain in the affected area
Redness and swelling .

38. Thrombophlebitis Deep vein thrombophlebitis symptoms include: Pain
Swelling
Leg swelling and pain along with shortness of breath or chest pain that hurts when the patient takes a deep breath, usually indicates a clot has moved to the lung (PE)

39. Thrombophlebitis
A clot in a deep vein increases the patient’s risk of serious health problems, including the possibility of a dislodged clot (embolus) traveling to the lungs and blocking an artery in the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
Deep vein thrombosis is usually treated with blood-thinning medications.
Superficial thrombophlebitis is sometimes treated with blood-thinning medications.

40. Thrombophlebitis Treatment
Deep vein thrombosis is usually treated with blood-thinning medications.
Pain meds
Elevation
TEDS
Surgery

41. Thrombophlebitis Prevention Avoid for sitting for long periods of time
Exercise – early ambulation for surgical patients; ambulation for hospitalized patients as approved by physician
TEDS, compression devices
Elimination of tight fitting/restrictive clothing
Surgery to remove or kill a vein

42. Hemophilia Inherited diseased More common in males
Blood not able to clot due to lack of clotting factor (ie: Factor VIII)

43. Hemophilia Treatment Transfusions of whole blood or plasma
Administration of missing Factor

44. Leukemia Malignant disease of bone marrow lymph tissue
Results in large number of immature white blood cells
Different types of leukemia
Acute or Chronic

45. Leukemia Varies with type of leukemia Chemotherapy Radiation
Bone Marrow transplants

46. Leukemia