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Discharges to the sea Chemicals Name – Date.

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Presentation on theme: "Discharges to the sea Chemicals Name – Date."— Presentation transcript:

1 Discharges to the sea Chemicals Name – Date

2 Discharges to the sea - Chemicals
Contents Introduction Hazardous and Noxious Substances Fate and behavior in the environment Judging the effects Role of shipping Solutions 2 Photo credits: WOCB/Green Award Foundation

3 1. Introduction Chemicals are everywhere, naturally or manmade
Chemicals are transported by ship, in bulk and in packaged form Photo credits: WOCB

4 Top 10 chemicals transported by ships
Volumes of chemicals transported are increasing, but remain significantly lower than seaborne trade in oil Illustration credits: ITOPF

5 Chemicals can be beneficial, but some are created to cause harm
During transport, chemicals may enter the marine environment Knowledge about emissions and effects limited Photo credits: Rijkswaterstaat

6 2. Hazardous and Noxious substances
Hazardous substances Noxious substances Dangerous substances Harmful substances Physical hazards (e.g. explosive) Health hazards Environmental hazards

7 3. Fate and behavior in the environment
Evaporators Floaters Dissolvers Sinkers Illustration credits: ITOPF - Photo credits: WOCB

8 Bioaccumulation can significantly increase the negative effect of a toxic compound.
(biomagnification) Illustration credits: ProSea

9 Bioaccumulation fat water protein fat BioAccumulationFactor = 7
Illustration credits: NIOZ Cees Booij

10 Accumulation in marine mammals
Excretion plankton Ingestion fish marine- mammal Illustration credits: NIOZ Cees Booij

11 4. Judging the effects The effects of a chemical depend on:
the amount spilled the site of the spillage the physical properties the toxicity of the chemical the sensitivity of organisms / individuals the bioaccumulation factor degredation rate (persistence) Photo credits: QNR Terry Ross

12 Effects Toxic effects on marine life Human health effects
Economic effects (fisheries, tourism) Photo credits: Ecomare / NOAA Fisheries

13 Toxicity dose effect time acute chronic disorder/nausea coma death
shorter life span reduced reproduction success cancer

14 Measuring acute toxicity
Low concentration High concentration 0% 25 % 50 % 75 % 100 % - NOEC - Acute Toxicity LC50 Test: fish, shellfish, algae Illustration credits: Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, NIOZ,Cees Booij

15 TBT: one of the most toxic chemicals ever deliberately released in the marine environment
Acute and chronic toxic effects Highly persistent Bioaccumulating Illustration credits: unknown

16 5. The role of shipping Loss of containers
Accidental chemical spills (occur much less than oil spills) Operational discharges Photo credits: WOCB

17 6. Solutions Regulations MARPOL
Annex II: Noxious liquid bulk chemicals Annex III: Harmful substances in packaged form Compound (category, amount, concentration) Location (water depth, distance from coast) Ship (speed, year of construction) Book keeping

18 A1 Bioaccu-mulation A2 Biodegra- dation B1 Acute Toxicity B2 Chronic
Health Effects E2 Wildlife, Habitats Category  5 X  4 4 NR CMRTNI Y 3 2 Not 0  1 Fp, F, S Z  2 R - not Fp, F, S OS everything not X, Y, or OS Photo credits: ProSea

19 Technical solutions such as efficient stripping
Photo credits: MarFlex BV

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