1. International Migration

2. Immigration is not a new phenomenon
Immigration is not a new phenomenon. It dates back to the early stages of written history.
Though migration is not new, it is accelerating as part of the process of global integration.
This is a reflection of the rapidly changing economic, political and cultural ties between countries.

3. The Age of Migration
Currently, around 175 million people reside in a country other than where they were born. That is equivalent to 3 per cent of the world’s population.

4. Immigration: The movement of people into a country to settle.
Emigration: To leave a country to settle in another.
The two waves together produce global migration patterns that link countries of origin and countries of destination.
Immigration is now an important issue in many countries with significant social, cultural, economic and political repercussions.

5. Migration and the UK
Immigration to the British isles has existed throughout recorded history
Industrialization saw migration within the British Isles from the Celtic fringe and other rural areas to expanding urban centres
Migration from the near continent has occurred as groups have fled political and religious persecution
During the 1930s and 40s many fleeing Nazi expansion in mainland Europe fled to Britain

6. Rising immigration rates have challenged commonly held notions of national identity;
Also forced a re-examination of concepts of citizenship.
What might be some of the issues regarding the concept of citizenship? (definiton of citizenship, granting citizenship rights, dual citizenship)

7. Migration and the UK
Post-Second World War immigration primarily from Commonwealth nations to meet a need for unskilled workers
Immigration and asylum regulations tightened by successive governments since the 1960s
New migration sees free movement of labour between member states of the European Union

8. Models of Migration Classic Model (Australia, US, Canada)
Nations built from immigration; citizenship extended to migrants
Colonial Model (Britain, France)
Favours immigrants from former colonies; builds on pre-established partial citizenship
Guest Worker Model (Germany, Swiss)
Immigrants admitted on temporary basis; no citizenship rights
Illegal Forms (Mexico-US border)
Remaining beyond visa expiry/people smuggling

9. Recent Global Trends in Migration
Acceleration
Migration across borders in greater numbers
Diversification
Most countries receive immigrants of different types
Globalization
More countries involved as both senders and receivers
Feminization
Global demand for domestic, care and sex workers

10. Push and Pull Factors
Push factors: encouraging migrants to leave home country
Political oppression
War
Famine
Poverty
Population pressure

11. Push and Pull Factors
Pull Factors: factors drawing migrants to host nation
Employment opportunities
Higher standards of living
Lower population density

12. Global Migration Systems
Interaction of micro and macro issues:
Micro: resources, knowledge and understandings of migrant population
Macro: political situation, immigration laws and regulations, shifts in the international economy

13. Diaspora
In his book Global Diasporas (1997), Cohen defines diaspora as “the dispersal of an ethnic population from an original homeland into foreign areas, often in a forced manner or under traumatic circumstances”.

14. Types of diaspora Victim diaspora Labor diaspora Trading diaspora
Imperial diaspora
Cultural diaspora

15. Characteristics of diaspora
Movement from homeland
Shared collective memory of homeland and belif in the possibility of return
Ethnic identity sustained over time and distance
Sense of solidarity with other members of the group