1. “Ungulata” (various supraordinal ranks) has included:
Cetacea: whales
Artiodactyla: even-toed ungulates
Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates
Hyracoidea: hyraxes
Proboscidea: elephants
Sirenia: manatees & dugongs
Tubulidentata: aardvarks
Various fossil orders...

2. Artiodactyls Artiodactyls Perissodactyls Whales & dolphins Carnivorans
Pangolins
Perissodactyls
Bats
Solenodons
Moles
Shrews
Hedgehogs
Primates
Treeshrews
Colugos
Lagomorphs
If ALL derived from condylarths...
Rodents
Xenarthrans
Golden moles
Tenrecs
Elephant shrews
Aardvarks
Dugongs & manatees
Hyraxes
Elephants

3. Mesaxonic Paraxonic horse tapir rhino “double-pulley”
astragalus in artios
limits distal limb
motion to single plane
pronghorn
pig
deer
camel
Defined on the basis of limb structure. See very profound, but different, adaptations to cursoriality.
From textbook. Axis of limb passes through 3rd digit in Perissos, b/w 3 and 4 in Artios.
2nd and 5th remain as ‘dew claws’ in pig and deer.
Paraxonic

4. Cranial appendages in ruminants
Cranial appendages restricted to living ruminants, but present in many non-ruminant fossil taxa (including rodents!)
Funcions:
-enable males to carry out combat in competition for mates
-secondarily used for display, indicators of social status,
antipredator defense, secretion delivery

5. Ruminantia: N. American Antelope NOT an antelope.

7. -MESAXONIC Order Perissodactyla: 3 families, 6 genera,ca 17 species
Family Equidae (horses, asses, zebras)
1 genus, ca. 8 species
Family Tapiridae (tapirs)
1 genus, 4 species
Family Rhinocerotidae (rhinos)
4 genera, 5 species.
-MESAXONIC
Know the families.

11. glutenized, keratinized fibers
NOT attached to bone.
Prehensile upper lip.
glutenized, keratinized fibers

13. Update w/distributional enigma.

14. PARAXONIC Order Artiodactyla: 10 families, 80 genera, >220 species!
Suborder Suiformes
Family Suidae -pigs
Family Tayassuidae -peccaries
Family Hippopotamidae -hippos
Suborder Tylopoda
Family Camelidae -camels, guanaco, llama, alpaca
Suborder Ruminantia
Infraorder Tragulina
Family Tragulidae -chevrotain, mouse deer
Infraorder Pecora
Superfamily Giraffoidea
Family Giraffidae -giraffes
Superfamily Cervoidea
Family Moschidae -musk deer
Family Cervidae -deer, elk, caribou, moose, reindeer
Family Antilocapridae -pronghorn
Superfamily Bovoidea
Family Bovidae -bison, muskox, goats, sheep, antelope, cows
PARAXONIC
Know FAMILIES and their commno names.

15. Tusks are modified canines.

18. CAnines and incisors modified into tusks.

19. Originated in N. America!

20. 1st offshoot of Ruminantia; only 3 chambered stomach; rest have 4

22. Formerly in Cervidae, but more closely related to Bovidae (next slide)
Formerly in Cervidae, but more closely related to Bovidae (next slide). Most striking thing is huge canines---compensation for no antlers?. east Asia.

30. Major CRANIODENTAL trends in ungulate evolution:
Omnivore/carnivore
•pointy incisors & canines
•large temporalis, coronoid
process; small angular pr.
of dentary
•cheekteeth tritubercular
or bunodont
Herbivore
•flat incisors, us. no
canines; diastema
•small temporalis, coronoid
process; large angular pr.
•cheekteeth flat for
grinding;
lophodont, selenodont,
bilophodont, etc.

33. Major DIGESTIVE trends in ungulate evolution:
Omnivore/carnivore
•simple, monogastric stomach
Herbivore
•complex stomach,
either foregut fermen-
tation (digastric stomach)
or hindgut (cecal or
monogastric) fermentation
Textbook says pigs are plantigrade; not true.

34. Rumination (foregut fermentation) Hindgut fermentation
Rumination: also seen in kangaroos and colobus monkeys.
Hindgut fermentation: elephants, hyraxes, lagos, rodents
Hindgut
fermentation

35. Major POSTCRANIAL trends in ungulate evolution:
Omnivore/carnivore
•simple, monogastric stomach
•plantigrade
Herbivore
•complex stomach,
either foregut fermen-
tation (digastric stomach)
or hindgut (cecal or
monogastric) fermentation
•digitigrade, unguligrade,
graviportal.
•increase SPEED!
Textbook says pigs are plantigrade; not true.

36. Plantigrade
Digitigrade
Unguligrade