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Chapter 10
Adolescence
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Objectives
Define adolescence.
State the three phases of adolescence.
State the physiological changes that occur during adolescence.
Define puberty.
Identify the major developmental tasks of adolescence.
Discuss the adolescent's stage of development according to Erikson and Piaget.
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Objectives (cont.)
Discuss how to determine the fertile period of a female adolescent.
Summarize the nutritional requirements during adolescence.
Identify how a person's cultural background might contribute to behavior.
Discuss the impact of peers, cliques, and best friends on the growth and development of the adolescent.
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Objectives (cont.)
Discuss the role of dating in the development of cognitive and social behavior.
Discuss the role of parents in fostering the positive growth and development of the adolescent.
Describe the physical-activity guidelines for adolescents.
State two specific health risks in the adolescent age group.
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Key Terms
abstinence
adolescence
asynchronous
clique
cultural competence
ejaculation
empathy
menarche
menstrual cycle
nocturnal emissions
ovulation
puberty
secondary sex characteristics
spermatogenesis
vigorous exercise
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Definition
“To grow and mature”
Bridge between childhood and adulthood
Unique stage of development characterized by many physiological, cognitive, psychosocial, and sexual changes
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Developmental Tasks
Establishing a stabilized sense of identity
Separation from family
Career planning
Establishing close peer relationships
Intimacy
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8. Growth and Development
Early adolescence (10 to 13 years)
Middle adolescence (14 to 16 years)
Late adolescence (17 to 20 years)
See Table 10-1
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9. Physiological Changes
Weight gain
Asynchronous
Active sweat glands
Stomach and intestines increase in size and volume
Increased appetite and food consumption
Weight and volume of the lungs increase
Improved eye-hand coordination and motor function
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10. Critical Thinking Question 1
How does acne affect an adolescent’s self-image?
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11. Critical Thinking Question 2
What impact does mass media have on an adolescent’s perception of body weight and size?
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Physical Activity
60 minutes or more every day
At least three days per week should include vigorous exercise
Warm-up and cool-down sessions
Strength training can increase muscle and bone mass
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Puberty
Boys
Hormonal changes between the ages of 10 and 13
Secondary sex characteristics
Spermatogenesis
Ejaculation
Nocturnal emissions
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Puberty (cont.)
Girls
Hormone secretions begin to establish a pattern within a monthly cycle
Ovulation
Menarche
Menstrual cycle
Secondary sex characteristics
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Birth Control
Most effective: abstinence
Hormonal
Non-hormonal
Permanent
See Table 10-2.
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Teen Pregnancy
About 400,000 teenagers give birth each year according to the CDC
Seek sexual activity because of coercion, peer pressure, or curiosity
Sex education is important before adolescence
See Patient Teaching (p. 157)
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17. Cognitive Development
Concrete phase of thinking
Formal operation stage
May try to manipulate rules, engage in risky behaviors, or deny their own mortality
Post-conventional stage of moral judgment
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18. Critical Thinking Question 3
How can the adolescent’s penchant for “debate” affect parent-child and teacher-student relationships?
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19. Psychosocial Development
Major task of adolescence is achieving a stable self-identity
Role confusion
Family should offer support and guidance
Social skills and cognitive reasoning
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Teen Violence
May use violence because they have not been taught nonviolent techniques of managing conflicts
Episodes of fighting often precede homicides
Adolescents who are homeless, abused, or disadvantaged may not be able to cope with the other developmental tasks of adolescence
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21. Cultural Considerations
Culture plays a role in how adolescents think and interact
Cultural competence
Culture affects health-care practices and modes of communication
Cultural and religious traditions can help stabilize identity and involve rituals that celebrate the transition from childhood to the adult phase of life
See Figure 10-3.
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22. Critical Thinking Question 4
In some cultures, body piercing and tattooing are acceptable or even expected. How do students from these cultures cope with the rules against these practices that are found in many school districts?
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23. Development Of Responsibility
Adolescents look forward to challenges and often feel humiliated when placed in the dependent role
Earn and learn to manage money
Important for the adolescent to be responsible for making decisions
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Peer Relationships
Peer group affiliation has a major impact on adolescent growth and development
School provides the opportunity for social interaction, peer group association, and clique formation
Failure to connect in a clique or a peer group can contribute to lower self-esteem or to feelings of inadequacy
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25. Critical Thinking Question 5
What is the possible impact on the self-esteem of an adolescent who must move to a new school?
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Sexuality
Developing a sexual identity is an important part of the adolescent's sense of self
Sexually active and exclusive relationships often develop during later adolescence
Sexual exploration creates risk for unplanned or unprotected sexual activity
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27. Critical Thinking Question 6
How has the incidence of AIDS and other STDs affected adolescent sexual practices?
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28. Critical Thinking Question 7
How are cultural and religious beliefs related to an adolescent’s choice of contraception?
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Teaching Techniques
The first step in effectively teaching adolescents involves establishing a trusting relationship
Communication must be supportive and not threatening to adolescents' sense of independence or autonomy
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30. Critical Thinking Question 8
When teaching sex education to a group of adolescents, what would be the nurse’s most effective approach?
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