1. The Scientific Revolution
In the mid-1500s, scientists begin to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation

2. Objective
To understand the causes of the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries
To understand the ideas of key figures of the Scientific Revolution
To understand the significance of the Scientific Revolution

3. Essential Questions Write these down!
1. To what extent are revolutions necessary?
2. How does a change in thought affect people?
3. How does the individual effect world events? 3

4. Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Trade and Expansion of Trade
navigational problems generated research
Medieval Universities
study of Plato, Aristotle, Ptolemy and Democritus were essential--> These guys were the “Classics”
The Renaissance
value of mathematics
Humanism.
Printing Press

5. Medieval Science Not really “science” but accepted body of tradition
Who supported this “tradition”?
The Church and common sense

6. The Ptolemaic System Geocentric Model Earth
What is wrong about this diagram of the universe?
How do YOU know that it is wrong?
The geocentric model is based on the idea that the earth is the center of the universe. The sun, moon, stars, and the planets of the solar system revolve around the earth. The angels would be moving the sun, moon, and stars around the earth. However, there would be periods when it looked like the planets were moving backward. To account for that, Ptolemy suggested that the planets were moving in circles as they were revolving around the earth. This movement was called an epicycle. For centuries, astronomers used this model for their calculations in setting the calendars. However, by the 1500s, the Ptolemaic system was starting to show problems in calculating the date for Easter, which seemed to be getting later in the year.

7. The Roots of Modern Science
The Medieval View
Most knowledge in the Middle Ages comes from the Bible and Greek/Roman sources.
Supports geocentric theory—moon, sun, planets REVOLVE AROUND THE EARTH

8. The Roots of Modern Science
A New Way of Thinking
Renaissance prompts new ways of thinking ( )
Scientific Revolution—new way of viewing the natural world—based on observation and inquiry
New discoveries, overseas exploration open up thinking
Scholars make new developments in astronomy and mathematics.

9. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
The Heliocentric Theory
Copernicus develops the heliocentric theory— planets REVOLVE AROUND THE SUN
Later scientists mathematically prove Copernicus to be correct
Nicolaus
Copernicus

10. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
Galileo’s Discoveries
He makes discovery about planets and planets surfaces
Supports heliocentric theory
Law of Pendulum and Rule of falling objects
Challenged Aristotle’s previously held beliefs
Galileo Galilei

11. Conflict with the Church
Church attacks Galileo’s work, fears it will weaken people’s faith
Pope forces Galileo to declare his and other new findings are wrong
He could PROVE his beliefs with logic and common sense
Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition

12. The Scientific Method Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
René Descartes ( )

13. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Proposed INDUCTION
make a lot of observations then generalize rules of nature - this leads to scientific observation as a method
Promoted the modern idea of progress because he wanted application of science
Problem of Induction
there is no logical reason to go argue from any amount of experience to a general law.

14. Rene Descartes ( )
Great mathematician - showed that any algebraic equation could be plotted on a graph
In this manner he linked Greek with Hindu and Arabic knowledge
Also looked at DEDUCTION - go from a theory to the facts
Only wants what is absolute-->leads to proof of God.

15. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity
Newton’s Theories
English scientist Isaac Newton develops theory of motion—states some forces rule motion of planets, matter in space, and earth
LAW OF GRAVITY
Isaac Newton in 1689

16. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity
Newton’s Theories (continued)
Motion in space and earth linked by the law of universal gravitation—holds that every object is universe attracts every other object
Newton views the universe as a vast, perfect mechanical clock
Isaac Newton in 1702

17. The Scientific Revolution Spreads
Scientific Instruments
Scientists develop microscope, barometer, and thermometer
New instruments lead to better observations and new discoveries
microscope
thermometer
simple mercury barometer

18. The Scientific Revolution Spreads
Medicine and the Human Body
Andreas Vesalius improves knowledge of anatomy
Andreas Vesalius

19. The Scientific Revolution Spreads
Medicine and the Human Body (continued)
Edward Jenner produces world’s first vaccination— for smallpox

20. 1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout cow like appendages.

21. The Scientific Revolution Spreads
Discoveries in Chemistry
Robert Boyle argues that matter is made of many different particles
Boyle’s law reveals interaction of volume, temperature, and gas pressure.

22. Effect of Revolution Social impact rich get richer
not much immediate direct change for peasants
widens intellectual gap
Effect on navigation, map making and artillery
- Successful exploration and conquests
Science has innumerable social effects over time: new guns, bigger armies, more taxes, social discontent
guns lead to European colonialism (more accurate cannon fire)
New way of observing and looking at the world.