1. Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks are composed of interlocking _________
Igneous rocks have textures (crystal size), which inform us of their rate of cooling.
crystals

2. Large crystals= __________ cooling
slow

3. Small crystals= _________ cooling
fast

4. Glassy (no crystals)= _____________ cooling
very rapid

5. 3. Igneous rock can be used to infer mineral composition

6. _______= mafic (magnesium & iron) Dark
Dunite
Gabbro

7. __________= felsic (aluminum & silicon) Light
Rhyolite
Pegmatite

8. 4.Upon cooling, gases can become trapped in igneous rocks forming a vesicular or porous texture

9. Sedimentary Rocks
1. Classified based up ____________
composition

10. Clastic = composed of rock fragments

11. Chemical = composed of 1 mineral
Limestone Rock salt

12. Bioclastic = formed from plant and animal products
Coal Limestone (coquina)

13. 2. Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified according to their _____________
sediments
Sandstone Shale

14. 3. Chemical sedimentary rocks are classified according to their __________ composition
mineral
Rocks Gypsum Dolostone

15. 4. Sedimentary rocks can contain _________
fossils

16. Metamorphic Rocks crystals
1. Metamorphic rocks are composed of interlocking __________ (which are often elongated or flattened)
crystals

17. 2. Metamorphic rocks are classified on the basis of their __________
foliation

18. ____________ = minerals are not layered
nonfoliated
_________= minerals are layered or aligned
foliated

19. 3. Foliated metamorphic rocks are classified according to their mineral size and composition.

20. 4. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks are classified according to their _________ composition
mineral
Quartzite

21. Igneous rocks form when molten rock, or magma, _________ and ____________.
__________ originate in the mantle and crust as a result of partial melting of the solid rock due to tectonic forces.
Magma works its way to the surface because it is ___________ or (less/more) dense than the surrounding rocks.
cools
solidifies
Magma
lighter

22. 4. Igneous rocks that form when lava (molten rock on the surface of the earth) solidifies are classified as ________ or ________ igneous rocks.
5. Most magma never reaches the surface of the Earth. Rather it crystallizes at depth to produce _________ or ________ igneous rocks.
6. Although _______ rocks form at depth, __________ and _________ often expose them at the surface
extrusive
volcanic
intrusive
plutonic
igneous
weathering
erosion

23. Igneous Rock Texture
The rate of cooling affect both the size and the arrangement of crystals, a property called ___________.
Rapid cooling produces _________ crystals (fine-grained texture) and slower cooling allow time for __________ crystals to form
texture
small
larger

24. 3. Many of the fine-grained, quickly cooling rocks contain voids left behind by gas bubbles trapped as lava solidifies. These rocks are said to exhibit a ___________ texture.
4. Slow cooling magma produces igneous rocks with _______ crystals and a _________ grained texture.
vesicular
large
coarse

25. 6. Rapidly cooling silica-rich lava may produce rocks without a crystalline structure and a _________ texture
7. In addition to the igneous textures already considered, some igneous rocks have large crystals that are embedded in a matrix of smaller crystals. These rocks are said to have a _________ texture.
glassy
porphyritic

30. 1.Sedimentary Rocks-
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Compaction- __________________________________________________________________
Form from the accumulation of sediments derived from pre-existing rocks and/or organic material
The pressure that forces out any water and air present and compacting the sediments into rock

31. 3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Cementation- ____________________________________________________________________________
3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic- _________________________________________
Bioclastic-_________________________________________
Chemical-_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sediments or clasts are “glued” together by precipitating minerals
Rocks composed of solid sediments, like sand, silt
Rocks composed of living organisms or their materials
Interconnected crystals of just one mineral that formed by evaporation and/or precipitation of dissolved minerals

32. 4. Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks
The clasts or sediments are usually rounded, because they have been moved by _________________, ________ or ________________
wind
running water
ocean waves

43. Metamorphic Rocks more less foliation changed Pre-existing rock
Metamorphic Rocks are usually:
1. __________ dense and _________ porous
2. ______________ (layered minerals)
B. Formation of Metamorphic Rocks
During metamorphism, the parent rock (or protolith) is ___________
What is the “parent rock”?
more
less
foliation
changed
Pre-existing rock

44. ___________ Metamorphism
Contact

45. _____________ Metamorphism
Regional

46. ______________
Foliated

47. /

48. _______- breaks easily into smooth layers with very small crystals
phyllite

49. ________- visible crystals, with a high mica content
schist

50. _________- coarse grained crystal foliations (banding- alternating light and dark layers)
Gneiss

51. ___________
Nonfoliated

52. ________________- appearance of crystallized “stretched-pebble”
Metaconglomerate

53. ___________- grainy single mineral rock that is harder than glass
Quartzite

54. ___________- grainy single mineral rock that react with dilute HCl acid
Marble

55. ___________- very fine-grained rock that breaks into small shards
Hornfels