1. Chapter 1
History of Pharmacy
NEED TO UPDATE TO THIRD EDITION WORDING

2. Five Historical Periods
Ancient Through Early Modern Era: Human prehistory to AD 1500
Empiric Era: to 1940
Industrialization Era: to 1970
Patient Care Era: to present
Biotechnology and genetic engineering: The new horizon

3. Ancient Through Early Modern Era
Leaves, mud, and cool water may have been used to stop bleeding and heal wounds
Early humans would have learned from watching injured animals’ behaviors
Knowledge of materials with healing properties would thus have been passed down through the tribes

4. Egyptian Contributions
Medical information was documented on clay tablets around 2600 BC
The Ebers Papyrus, written around 1500 BC, contained formulas for more than 800 remedies
Each tribe would have had had a designated person who was the equivalent of a priest, pharmacist, and physician all in one

5. Mesopotamian and Chinese Contributions
The earliest known record of the practice of pharmacy occurred in Mesopotamia around 2600 BC
Herbs were the predominant form of curatives

6. Greek and Roman Contributions
Hippocrates, the “father of medicine,” liberated medicine from the belief that disease had spiritual causes
Theophrastus, the “father of botany,” classified plants by their various parts
Mithridates studied the adverse effects of plants and later became known as the “father of toxicology”
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7. Greek and Roman Contributions
The Romans organized medical and pharmaceutical knowledge
The Romans converted theories into scientific rules
The Romans, as well as the Greeks, were responsible for preparing their own prescriptions
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8. Greek and Roman Contributions
Dioscorides began the transition of the Greek system of knowledge into the Roman system of science; he is known as the “father of pharmacology”
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9. Greek and Roman Contributions
Galen, a Greek physician, wrote On the Art of Healing, and he was very critical of physicians who did not prepare their own remedies
Cosmos and Damien, the patron saints of pharmacy and medicine, practiced both disciplines around AD 300, successfully curing many different illnesses without charging a fee

10. Arabian Contributions
Formularies — continuation of documentation of drug information
Dosage forms — syrups, conserves, confections, and juleps
Pharmacy shops — privately owned shops first appeared in Baghdad around AD 762
Hospital pharmacies ― followed in Marrakech around AD 1190

11. Formalization of the Pharmacy Profession
One of Europe’s first universities was established in Salerno; it was responsible for major contributions to pharmacy and medicine
Emperor Frederick II issued the Magna Carta of Pharmacy, separating pharmacy from medicine
Guilds of pharmacists were established
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12. Formalization of the Pharmacy Profession
A Swiss physician, Paracelsus, contradicted the Galenic theories of botanical orientation to medicine with his own theories based on chemicals
Monasteries hosted their own pharmacies
Germany became the first nation-state to governmentally regulate its pharmacies
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13. Formalization of the Pharmacy Profession
Pharmacists who worked for royal families provided specialized services, and they were known as apothecaries
New medicinal herbal substances, plants, trees, and seeds began to be used
Better documentation of this new knowledge began to occur
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14. Formalization of the Pharmacy Profession
Pharmacy became separated from medicine
Regulation of pharmacy began
University education of pharmacists was now required
Larger quantities of known and new drugs were imported from the New World and Asia
New chemical medicines were introduced

15. Empiric Era
Pharmacopeias listed standardized medicines and became the regulatory tools of government
Existing medications were questioned and tested to establish their actual effectiveness
In the 18th century, pharmacy began to develop in the colonies of the New World

16. Pharmacy in the New World
In 1751, Benjamin Franklin started the first hospital in America
Jonathan Roberts was the first hospital pharmacist
William Proctor introduced control into the practice of pharmacy in the New World
The use of laudanum resulted in many cases of opium addiction
The first pharmacy technicians emerged as pharmacy clerks

17. History of Vaccinations
Edward Jenner, the “father of immunology”, established the first vaccine – it was used for smallpox
Louis Pasteur pioneered the destruction of bacteria via pasteurization, and aided in developing vaccines
Emil Adolf von Behring was instrumental in developing the DPT and tetanus vaccines

18. Industrialization Era
Large numbers of war-related injuries led to the growth of industrial manufacturing in order to meet the need for pharmaceutical products
Firms other than the pharmacies themselves began centralized manufacturing of medicinal preparations

19. Industrialization Era
The periods of development of manufacturing pharmacy began as follows:
Formative (1867)
Botanical (1875)
Standardization (1882)
Biological (1895)
Organic Chemical Synthesis (1883)
Hormones (1901)
Vitamins (1909)
Antibiotics (1940) (continues)

20. Industrialization Era
Many retail pharmacists protested the industrialization of manufacturing
Industrialization brought about:
Biologically prepared products
Complex chemical synthesis
Increased use of parenteral medications
Standardized manufacturing
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928
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21. Industrialization Era
The pharmaceutical industry created new needs, to the advantage of retail pharmacy
Retail pharmacy has proved to be indispensable and irreplaceable as the fitting and distributing agency of medicinal products
Manufacturing and retail pharmacy are two branches of the same tree

22. Patient Care Era
Increased concentration on rational, targeted research through the use of computers
Expanding arsenal of available medicines
Well-coordinated teams of scientists and other professions such as statisticians and financial managers worked together
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23. Patient Care Era
Multiple drug therapy led to adverse reactions, interactions, and therapeutic outcomes that were greater than or less than desired
Patient-focused drug therapy evolved, centered on drug control or drug monitoring
C.D. Hepler established the concept of pharmaceutical in the late 1980s
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24. Patient Care Era
A pharmacist’s education must now focus on human behavior as it relates to providing practiced, patient-focused care

25. The New Horizon
Biotechnology is the use of microorganisms to produce drugs, hormones, and other products
Genetic engineering is the scientific alteration of the structure of genetic material in a living organism
Research into gene therapy and genetic defects has greatly increased
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26. The New Horizon
Recombinant DNA technology is producing new medications based on the patient’s genetic makeup
Some medications that come from natural sources, such as insulin, are prone to producing allergies
Genetic research is involved in the pursuit of cures for major diseases such as cancer