1. & levels of organization
Biochemistry
& levels of organization

2. Levels of Organization
Sub-atomic particles …….put together make
Atoms……………………….. .put together make
Molecules (monomers) …put together make
Macromolecules (polymers) … put together make
Organelles & Cell parts … put together make
Cells (smallest unit of life)

3. Cells that work together make….Tissues
Tissues work together to make…Organs
Organs work together in …Organ Systems

4. Sub-atomic Particles Sub = smaller or under Atomic = atom Protons (+)
Protons (+)
Neutrons (o)
Electrons (-)

5. Atoms Nucleus = protons & neutrons in center of atom
Electron Cloud = area around nucleus where electrons move about

6. Atoms The number of protons in an atom determines the Element
The most common elements in living things are:
C H N O P S

7. Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Elements we need in only very small amounts are called
Trace elements

8. Carbon Based Life Forms
Life on earth is carbon-based
Carbon atoms have unique properties
that enable the construction of the
VERY large molecules needed for life.
Carbon forms the
framework for
Macromolecules

9. Carbon Atoms: Can bond to 4 other atoms Form short strong bonds
Can make double bonds
Can form long chains and rings

10. Monomers Single molecules that make up all living things
1) monosaccharides = single sugars
2) glycerol – alcohol used to connect things
3) fatty acids – make
4) amino acids - make
5) Nucleotides – found in
- make

11. 1) Monosaccharides A) are carbohydrates = made of only C, H, O
carbon + water
B) examples :
1) glucose – made by photosynthesis
2) fructose – fruit sugar
C) 2 bound together make a disaccharide
example disaccharide = sucrose
D) several bound together = oligosaccharide
E) many can bond together = polysaccharide
(macromolecule)

12. 2) Glycerol A) alcohol that can bond to 3 other monomers
B) makes a triglyceride when bound to 3 fatty acids
C) makes lipid
And phospholipid
macromolecules

13. 3) Fatty Acids A) acid followed by a Hydrocarbon chain
(chain of H & C)
HC chains are hydrophobic
(water fearing) don’t mix w/ H2O
B) straight chains are saturated fatty acids
C) bent chains are unsaturated fatty acids
D) make lipids and
Phospholipid
macromolecules

14. E) Fatty Acid Nutrition Facts
saturated
Good in reasonable amounts
Solid animal fats
Butter, steak fat, lard, bacon grease
unsaturated
Best
Liquid oils
Vegetable oil, fish oil
Partially hydrogenated
BAD
Soft solid oil = trans fats
Most margarine, Crisco, some frying oil
Omega 3
Good bsc we don’t get enough of it
oil
Fish, seafood, olive oil, walnuts, grass fed beef

15. World's Healthiest Foods rich in omega-3 fats
FoodCalsDRI/DV
 Flaxseeds75133%
 Walnuts196113%
 Sardines18961%
 Salmon15855%
 Beef17546%
 Soybeans29843%
 Tofu16428%
 Shrimp13514%
 Brussels Sprouts5611%
 Cauliflower299%
For serving size for specific foods see the Nutrient Rating Chart.

16. 4) Amino Acids Made of a C with 4 things attached 1) a hydrogen
2) an amino group NH3
3) an acid COOH
4) an R group
20 different R groups so…
20 different Amino acids (some = essential aa)
(must be part of diet)
Make protein macromolecules

17. 5) Nucleotides The largest monomer…actually includes a monosaccharide
Made of 3 parts
1) one 5 carbon sugar
2) phosphate
3) nitrogen containing base

18. Two different 5 carbon sugars can be used
1) ribose in RNA
2) deoxyribose in DNA

19. 5 different N-bases can be used
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
Uracil
(ine …in DNA)

20. Phosphate 1) made of a phosphorous atom surrounded by oxygens
2) hydrophilic
water – loving
3) part of nucleotide monomers
And
4) part of phospholipid macromolecules

21. Condensation dehydration rxn
Remove water (in form of H from one molecules and OH from the other)
In order to stick to molecules together

22. Hydrolysis rxn Using water to break 2 molecules apart
Put water (in form of H and OH back in)

23. Polymers = Macromolecules
Monomers bonded together to make
polymers
Chemical reactions that bond monomers together called…
Condensation dehydration reactions
(bring together) (remove H2O)

24. 5 Macromolecules 1) polysaccharides 2) Lipids 3) phospholipids
4) proteins
5) nucleic acids

25. 1) Polysaccharides Made of many single sugars (carbohydrates)
1) starch – how plants store glucose
2) glycogen – how animals store glucose
3) cellulose – makes plant cell walls &
is the fiber in our diet
(we can’t digest it)
All 3 are made of chains of glucose

26. 2) Lipids Made of fatty acids & glycerol Hydrophobic
1) fats – solid at room temp. (saturated f.a.)
store energy in animals
2) oils – liquid at room temp.(unsaturated f.a.)
store energy in plants
3) waxes – used to waterproof
4) steroids – hormones help w/ homeostasis

27. 3) Phospholipids A) Made of glycerol, 2 f.a.s & a phosphate
-Phosphate head is hydrophilic
(water loving)
-Hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic
B) Makes up cell membranes

28. 4) Proteins A)Made of chains of aminoacids Folded into 3-D shapes
B) Most of muscle is protein
C) Most enzymes are proteins
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions
Make the rxns in a cell run fast enough to stay alive.

29. 5) Nucleic Acids A) Made of chains of nucleotides
B) If ribose is the sugar = RNA
ribonucleic acid
takes directions from nucleus out to cell
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
C) If deoxyribose is the sugar = DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
is the code that stores all the directions for how to run the cell (stays in nucleus)
Makes up chromosomes