1. Unit 5: Cells
Chapter 5

2. Unicellular vs Multicellular
The cells of multicellular organisms have adapted to perform specific functions.
Bacteria, Protozoans, some algae & yeasts.
Carry out life’s functions within 1 cell!

6. What do all cells have in common?
Cell membrane (thin, flexible barrier surrounding the cell)
Cytoplasm (fluid within the cell)
Ribosomes (make proteins)
Genetic Material (DNA)

7. There are 2 Basic Cell Types
Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells

8. Basic Cell Types Prokaryotic Cells (Pro means “Before”) cell membrane
cytoplasm
Basic Cell Types
Prokaryotic Cells (Pro means “Before”)
cell membrane
(& cell wall)
cytoplasm
Ribosomes
genetic material (lack a nucleus)
all bacteria
Genetic Material
Cell membrane

10. Eukaryotic Cells- “Eu means Nu”
cell membrane (some types have cell wall but not all)
cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Genetic material- true nucleus
And membrane bound organelles- Specialized structures within the cell that perform specific jobs
all animal, plant, fungi and protists

12. EU (YOU) ARE A EUKARYOTE!

18. Bacteria is a prokaryote
NO!!!!!
Bacteria is a prokaryote

19. A Closer Look at the Cell
Objective
Describe the main functions of each cell structure

20. Cell Membrane
The selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell

21. Cytoplasm
Fluid within cell where MOST chemical reactions take place

22. Nucleus Controls cell processes Contains DNA deoxyribose nucleic acid
codes for protein and other molecules

23. Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.
The nucleus stores genetic information.

24. Chromatin Chromosomes Nucleolus Nuclear Envelope
DNA bound to protein, relaxed
Chromosomes
chromatin condenses during cell division
Nucleolus
make ribosomes
Nuclear Envelope
2 layers with pores that allow for the passage of material

26. What part of the cell holds all the information needed for the cell to do its job?
Nucleus
Animal Cell

27. Cell Wall Plants, bacteria, fungi, algae
Provides structure and protection
Gas and water exchange
Plants - made of the polysaccharide cellulose

29. Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments- cell skeleton
Microtubules- Intracellular Movement
moves organelles
important during cell division
Microfilaments- Maintains cell shape and Cell Movement

30. The cytoskeleton of the cell allows the cell to move and also helps organelles to move within the cell

32. Centrioles are tubes made of microtubules.
Centrioles help divide DNA.
Only found in animal cells

33. Tracks for organelle movement

34. Transportation

35. Ribosomes Use genetic information to make protein
found free in cytoplasm or on RER

37. Endoplasmic Reticulum
2 types
Rough and Smooth
Rough
contain ribosomes
certain proteins are made & transported
Smooth-No ribosomes
Synthesis (to make) of lipids

38. Synthesis means to make
Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.
The nucleus stores genetic information.
Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum.

40. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum

42. Golgi Bodies Sort and packages proteins from RER
Forms a membrane around proteins
Construct Lysosomes

44. Lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes that breakdown large molecules into smaller molecules
“Suicide Sacs”
fuse with vacuoles containing food obtained by phagocytosis and will fuse with old organelles to destruct them
have a membrane originally part of a Golgi body

45. Lysosomes digest food and break down dead organelles
small food particle
Lysosomes filled w/ digestive enzymes
vesicle

46. Lysosomes digest food and break down dead organelles
digesting broken organelles
small food particle
digesting food

48. is a form of endocytosis (Remember Unit 4)

49. Enzyme/Proteins that are made initially on ribosomes

50. Recycling

51. Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material.

52. Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that hold and move materials between cell parts and to and from cell membrane.

53. Mitochondria
Convert food/glucose into high-energy compounds (ATP) that the cell uses to power growth, development and movement
2 membranes
Contains own DNA

56. How do animal cells get their energy?
Mitochondria are able to
release energy from
glucose (food) in the
cell so that it forms
usable energy packets called
ATP
Mitochondria
Animal Cell

57. How do plant cells get their energy?
Mitochondria are able to
release energy from
glucose (food) in the
cell so that it forms
usable energy packets called
ATP in plants, too!
Chloroplasts trap light energy
and form glucose by
combining carbon dioxide,
water and energy during
photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Plant Cell

58. Mitochondria are in both cells!!
animal cells
plant cells
chloroplast
mitochondria

59. I wish I had more mitochondria in my muscle cells right about NOW!

60. Vacuoles Storage units for water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates
Found in both plants and animals
Provide support for plants “ pools of water”

62. So what is the difference between a vacuole, vesicle, and lysosome
So what is the difference between a vacuole, vesicle, and lysosome? They are all circular structures in an animal.
Vacuole
Store materials
like water, salts,
Proteins and sugars
Contain digestive
enzymes that help
break down lipids,
sugars and proteins.
also break down
dead cell parts
Move materials
between
cell parts and to and
from the cell
membrane
Lysosome
Vesicle

63. Contractile Vacuoles
Many unicellular freshwater protists have a contractile vacuole to help maintain osmotic balance.

65. http://video. google. com/videoplay

66. Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials.

67. Chloroplasts Found in plants and algae photosynthesis Contains DNA
2 Membranes

70. Identify the cell organelles of Animal Cells (Eukaryotic)1 2 5
Cell Membrane
Vacuole
Nucleus
Ribosome
Mitochondria ER
Golgi Body
Animal Cell

71. Identify the Structures of the Plant Cell (Eukaryotic)
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes 9
Mitochondria

72. Similarities and differences between Plant and Animal Cells
Plant cell

73. Similarities and Differences
Respiration (breakdown of Glucose
Contain a membrane to let some things in and some things out
Have DNA in nucleus for information for traits
Contain similar structures
Differences
Plant cells carry on Photosynthesis and have green chloroplasts.
Plant cells also have a Cell wall and large Vacuole
Animal cells have Centrioles (cell division)

74. Animal Cells
Contain Centrioles (microtubules in cylinders that helps cell to divide)
Lack Chloroplasts, Cell Wall & Large Central Vacuole.

75. Plant Cells
Contain Chloroplast (Chlorophyll), Cell Walls and Large Central Vacuole.
Lack centrioles

78. Symbiotic Theory
Sometime during evolution, prokaryotic cells were engulfed by other cells to become the ancestors of eukaryotes.
Evidence: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

79. Keep in mind that cells are protein building machines.
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,
because…
proteins do all the work!
structural
enzymes
signals
receptors
DNA
proteins
cells

80. endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus
protein on its way!
DNA
TO:
RNA
vesicle
TO:
TO:
vesicle
ribosomes
TO:
protein
finished protein
Golgi apparatus
Making Proteins